Revolutions in Mapping

C1adjective phrase01

confined to

limited to a particular place, area or group

Synonymslimited torestricted tokept within

🇺🇿…bilan cheklangan

🇷🇺ограниченный чем-либо

B1The problem is not confined to our school; every school has it.
B2In winter my grandfather is confined to the house because of his bad knees.
C1Traffic jams are no longer confined to big cities; even small towns have them now.

B2noun02

perspective

a particular way of looking at or thinking about something

Synonymspoint of viewangleviewpoint

🇺🇿nuqtai nazar, ko‘rinish

🇷🇺перспектива, точка зрения

B1Travelling abroad gave my brother a completely new perspective on life.
B2From the top of the tower, the city looks different from this perspective.
C1Talking to older people can give teenagers a useful perspective on their own small problems.

C1verb03

penetrate

to go into or through something, especially with difficulty

Synonymspass throughenterpierce

🇺🇿ichiga kirmoq, o‘tib bormoq

🇷🇺проникать, пробиваться

B1The sunlight could not penetrate the thick curtains in my room.
B2Rain penetrated the old roof and dripped onto the kitchen floor.
C1Mobile signals cannot always penetrate the thick stone walls of very old buildings.

C1noun04

contour

the shape of the outer edge or surface of something

Synonymsoutlineshapeprofile

🇺🇿kontur, chegara chizig‘i

🇷🇺контур, очертание

B1The map shows the contours of the hills with thin brown lines.
B2In the evening light we could see the contours of the mountains.
C1Good walking maps show every contour, so hikers know exactly how steep the path is.

C1noun05

foliage

the leaves of a tree or plant

Synonymsleavesgreeneryvegetation

🇺🇿barglar, yaproqlar

🇷🇺листва

B1In autumn the foliage in our park turns red and gold.
B2The birds hid in the thick foliage of the old walnut tree.
C1Photographers travel to the mountains in October to take pictures of the colourful foliage.

B2verb06

chart

to make a map or detailed record of an area or a process

Synonymsmaprecordplot

🇺🇿xaritaga tushirmoq, qayd etmoq

🇷🇺наносить на карту, фиксировать

B1Sailors charted the coastline hundreds of years ago.
B2My teacher asked us to chart the temperature every day for a month.
C1Scientists use satellites to chart how quickly the glaciers in the mountains are melting.

C1verb07

reside

to live or be kept in a particular place

Synonymslivebe locatedbe kept

🇺🇿yashamoq, joylashgan bo‘lmoq

🇷🇺проживать, находиться

B1The original manuscripts reside in the national library in Tashkent.
B2My cousin now resides in London with his wife and son.
C1Most of the country's wealth resides in a few big cities, which worries many economists.

B2adjective08

magnificent

extremely beautiful or impressive

Synonymssplendidstunningimpressive

🇺🇿ajoyib, muhtasham

🇷🇺великолепный

B1The view from the top of the mountain was absolutely magnificent.
B2The Registan looks magnificent when it is lit up at night.
C1Visitors are always amazed by the magnificent blue tiles on the old mosques of Samarkand.

C1adjective09

elaborate

very detailed and carefully made

Synonymsdetailedintricatecomplex

🇺🇿murakkab, nozik ishlangan

🇷🇺тщательно проработанный, замысловатый

B1My aunt sewed an elaborate dress for my sister's wedding.
B2The old map had elaborate drawings of ships and sea monsters.
C1The students prepared an elaborate presentation with videos, charts and interviews with local farmers.

B2adjective10

fragile

easily broken or damaged

Synonymsdelicatebreakableweak

🇺🇿mo‘rt, nozik

🇷🇺хрупкий

B1Be careful with that box, because the glasses inside are fragile.
B2My grandmother's old photos are so fragile that we keep them in a folder.
C1After the long illness, her health was fragile, so the doctor told her to rest at home.

C2adjective11

prodigious

extremely large or impressive

Synonymsenormoushugeremarkable

🇺🇿ulkan, hayratlanarli

🇷🇺колоссальный, огромный

B1She has a prodigious memory and remembers every phone number she hears.
B2My little brother has a prodigious appetite and eats three plates of plov.
C1The young chess player showed prodigious talent and beat adults twice his age in the tournament.

B2phrase12

at the click of a button

very quickly and easily, using a computer

Synonymsinstantlyin secondsvery easily

🇺🇿bir tugmani bosish bilan

🇷🇺одним нажатием кнопки

B1Now you can order a taxi at the click of a button.
B2My father pays all the family bills at the click of a button on his phone.
C1Students today can find almost any information at the click of a button, which was impossible before.

B2noun13

milestone

a very important event in the development of something

Synonymslandmarkturning pointbreakthrough

🇺🇿muhim bosqich, burilish nuqtasi

🇷🇺веха, важный этап

B1Getting my first job was a real milestone in my life.
B2The first flight across the ocean was a milestone in the history of travel.
C1For many families, a child's first day at school is an emotional milestone that they always remember.

B2adjective phrase14

remarkably accurate

surprisingly correct and exact

Synonymsvery precisesurprisingly exacthighly correct

🇺🇿hayratlanarli darajada aniq

🇷🇺удивительно точный

B1The weather forecast was remarkably accurate this week.
B2My grandmother's old recipe book is remarkably accurate, even without exact measurements.
C1Some ancient calendars were remarkably accurate, even though people had no modern instruments.

C1noun15

predecessor

a person who had a job or position before someone else

Synonymsforerunnerprevious holderancestor

🇺🇿o‘tmishdosh, avvalgi

🇷🇺предшественник

B1The new teacher is much stricter than her predecessor.
B2This phone is faster and lighter than its predecessor.
C1The new president promised to finish the projects that his predecessor had started but never completed.

C1phrasal verb16

spell out

to explain something clearly and in detail

Synonymsexplainset outmake clear

🇺🇿aniq tushuntirib bermoq

🇷🇺чётко изложить, разъяснить

B1The manager spelled out the new rules at the meeting.
B2My father spelled out exactly what he expected from us during the holidays.
C1The contract spells out how much the company must pay if the work is finished late.

C1noun17

legacy

something that remains from the past and still has an effect

Synonymsheritageinheritanceinfluence

🇺🇿meros

🇷🇺наследие

B1The beautiful buildings of Bukhara are the legacy of great architects.
B2My grandfather's legacy is the garden he planted fifty years ago.
C1The legacy of the Silk Road can still be seen in the food, music and language of the region.

B2phrase18

to scale

with all parts in the correct size compared with each other

Synonymsproportionallyin proportionaccurately sized

🇺🇿masshtab bo‘yicha

🇷🇺в масштабе

B1The architect made a model of the new school to scale.
B2This map is not drawn to scale, so the distances are wrong.
C1Children in the art class built a model of the city to scale using cardboard and glue.

B2phrasal verb19

live up to

to be as good as people expected or hoped

Synonymsmeetmatchfulfil

🇺🇿umidni oqlamoq

🇷🇺оправдать (ожидания)

B1The film didn't live up to my expectations.
B2The new restaurant lived up to all the good reviews we had read.
C1Young athletes often feel pressure to live up to the success of their famous parents.

B2noun20

navigation

the skill or process of finding the way from one place to another

Synonymsdirection-findingroute planningsteering

🇺🇿navigatsiya, yo‘l topish

🇷🇺навигация

B1Before satellites, sailors used the stars for navigation.
B2The app's navigation helped us find the hotel in a strange city.
C1Modern cars have navigation systems that warn drivers about traffic jams and road works ahead.

B2noun phrase21

demand for

the need or wish of people to have something

Synonymsneed forcall formarket for

🇺🇿…ga talab

🇷🇺спрос на

B1There is a big demand for English teachers in our city.
B2In summer the demand for ice cream and cold drinks goes up.
C1The demand for electric cars is growing because fuel is becoming more expensive every year.

B2verb22

launch

to start something new, or send a ship or rocket into the sea or air

Synonymsstartbeginset off

🇺🇿boshlab bermoq, ishga tushirmoq

🇷🇺начинать, запускать

B1The company will launch its new phone next month.
B2Our school launched a reading club for younger students last year.
C1The discovery of oil launched a period of rapid growth in many Gulf countries.

C1noun23

sacking

the act of destroying and stealing from a city during a war

Synonymsplunderinglootingdestruction

🇺🇿talon-taroj qilish, vayron etish

🇷🇺разграбление

B1The sacking of the city lasted three days.
B2Many books were lost during the sacking of the ancient library.
C1Historians believe the sacking of great cities often destroyed knowledge that took centuries to rebuild.

C1noun24

distortion

a change that makes something look different from its real shape

Synonymsdeformationtwistingmisrepresentation

🇺🇿buzilish, o‘zgarish

🇷🇺искажение

B1The old mirror caused a strange distortion of my face.
B2There was some distortion in the sound because the speaker was broken.
C1Flat maps always contain some distortion, because the Earth is round and paper is flat.

B2adjective25

constant

staying the same, or happening all the time

Synonymssteadyfixedcontinuous

🇺🇿doimiy, o‘zgarmas

🇷🇺постоянный

B1Drive at a constant speed on the motorway.
B2My little brother asks constant questions about everything he sees.
C1Living next to the airport means the family has to put up with constant noise all day.

C1verb26

portray

to show or describe someone or something in a particular way

Synonymsdepictrepresentshow

🇺🇿tasvirlamoq

🇷🇺изображать

B1The film portrays life in a small village in the 1950s.
B2In the painting, the artist portrayed his mother as a young woman.
C1Television often portrays teenagers as lazy, but most of them work very hard at school.

B1adjective27

practical

useful and suitable for real situations

Synonymsusefulhandysensible

🇺🇿amaliy, qulay

🇷🇺практичный

B1Jeans are practical clothes for a long journey.
B2My mother gave me some practical advice before my first job interview.
C1A small car is more practical than a big one for driving in the busy city centre.

C1idiom28

come into its own

to become very successful or useful, as it deserves

Synonymsprove its worthflourishbecome successful

🇺🇿o‘z qadrini ko‘rsatmoq

🇷🇺проявить себя в полной мере

B1An umbrella really comes into its own in rainy weather.
B2Online learning came into its own when schools had to close.
C1Our small balcony comes into its own in summer, when the whole family eats dinner outside.

B2verb29

lack

to not have something, or not have enough of it

Synonymsbe withoutbe short ofmiss

🇺🇿yetishmaslik, …ga ega bo‘lmaslik

🇷🇺не хватать, недоставать

B1The new teacher lacks experience, but she is very kind.
B2Our village lacked clean water until a new pipe was built last year.
C1Many young people lack the confidence to speak English in public, even when their level is good.

C1noun30

frontier

the limit of what is known or has been done in a subject

Synonymsboundaryedgelimit

🇺🇿chegara, yangi ufq

🇷🇺граница, рубеж

B1Space is often called the last frontier of exploration.
B2Doctors are pushing the frontiers of medicine every year.
C1Artificial intelligence is a new frontier that is changing how people work and study around the world.