Australia's Megafauna Controversy

C1verb / noun01

dispute (a claim)

to say that something is not true or correct; to argue about something (there is no disputing = it is certain)

Synonymschallengequestioncontest

🇺🇿e’tiroz bildirmoq, rad etmoq

🇷🇺оспаривать

B1Nobody disputes that exercise is good for our health.
B2The customer disputed the bill, saying she never ordered dessert.
C1My brother disputes my claim that I’m the better cook in the family.

C1verb02

coexist

to exist together at the same time or in the same place (noun: coexistence)

Synonymslive togetherexist side by sidecohabit

🇺🇿birga yashamoq, yonma-yon mavjud bo‘lmoq

🇷🇺сосуществовать

B1In our city, old and modern buildings coexist side by side.
B2Our cat and dog coexist peacefully, although they rarely play together.
C1Modern cafés and traditional teahouses coexist happily in the old part of town.

B2verb03

witness (v)

(of a place or time) to be where something happens; to see something happen

Synonymsseeexperienceobserve

🇺🇿guvoh bo‘lmoq, boshdan kechirmoq

🇷🇺быть свидетелем, видеть

B1I witnessed a beautiful sunrise from the plane window.
B2The police are looking for anyone who witnessed the accident.
C1Our generation has witnessed the rise of smartphones, streaming and online shopping.

B1noun04

extinction

the situation in which a type of animal or plant stops existing (on the verge of extinction)

Synonymsdying outdisappearanceannihilation

🇺🇿qirilib ketish, yo‘qolib ketish

🇷🇺вымирание

B1Many animals are in danger of extinction because of pollution.
B2Some old traditions face extinction as young people move to cities.
C1Small corner shops are close to extinction in many neighbourhoods because of supermarkets.

C1noun / verb05

overlap

a period of time or an area where two things happen or exist together

Synonymscommon groundintersectioncoincidence

🇺🇿ustma-ust tushish, kesishma

🇷🇺перекрытие, совпадение

B1There is some overlap between the two English courses.
B2My lunch break overlaps with my sister’s, so we eat together.
C1There’s a lot of overlap between my friends from school and from football.

C1adjective06

informed (choice / decision)

based on good knowledge and information (make an informed choice / decision)

Synonymseducatedknowledgeablewell-founded

🇺🇿asosli, xabardorlikka asoslangan

🇷🇺обоснованный, осознанный

B1Read the reviews so you can make an informed decision.
B2Compare prices first so you can make an informed choice.
C1Talking to current students helped me make an informed decision about my university.

C2adjective07

protracted

lasting for a long time, often longer than expected

Synonymsprolongedlengthydrawn-out

🇺🇿uzoq davom etgan, cho‘zilgan

🇷🇺затяжной, длительный

B1The protracted negotiations between the two companies lasted for months.
B2After a protracted illness, my uncle finally returned to work.
C1The protracted argument about where to eat lasted longer than the dinner itself.

B2noun08

culprit

a person or thing responsible for a crime or a problem

Synonymsoffenderguilty partycause

🇺🇿aybdor, sababchi

🇷🇺виновник

B1The police finally caught the culprit who stole the car.
B2My little brother was the culprit who ate all the biscuits.
C1Too much coffee is often the culprit when people can’t sleep at night.

B2verb09

excavate

to dig in the ground to find old objects or remains (noun: excavation)

Synonymsdig upunearthuncover

🇺🇿qazish ishlarini olib bormoq

🇷🇺проводить раскопки

B1Archaeologists excavated the ancient city for many years.
B2Workers excavated the ground before building the new metro station.
C1Builders had to excavate a huge hole before they could start the underground car park.

C1adjective10

unequivocal

completely clear, with no doubt or other possible meaning

Synonymscleardefiniteunambiguous

🇺🇿shubhasiz, aniq

🇷🇺недвусмысленный, однозначный

B1The doctor gave an unequivocal warning: stop smoking now.
B2When I asked to go to the party, her answer was an unequivocal ‘no’.
C1The team’s answer was unequivocal: they wanted the same coach next season.

C1phrasal verb11

bring about

to make something happen, especially a change

Synonymscauselead toproduce

🇺🇿sabab bo‘lmoq, keltirib chiqarmoq

🇷🇺вызывать, приводить к

B1The new director brought about many changes at our school.
B2The new bus lanes have brought about shorter journeys to work.
C1Small daily habits, like walking more, can bring about big changes in your health.

C1noun12

demise

the end or death of something or someone (formal)

Synonymsenddeathdownfall

🇺🇿barham topish, halokat

🇷🇺гибель, конец

B1The demise of video shops happened when streaming became popular.
B2The demise of the small shop saddened everyone in the village.
C1The demise of the old cinema saddened everyone who grew up watching films there.

C1adjective13

longstanding

having existed for a long time

Synonymslong-establishedenduringtraditional

🇺🇿uzoq yillik, azaldan mavjud

🇷🇺давний, многолетний

B1The two cafés have a longstanding rivalry on the same street.
B2The two families have a longstanding friendship that began fifty years ago.
C1Our family has a longstanding tradition of eating plov together every Friday.

C1verb14

deposit (v)

to leave a layer of something (sand, mud) on a surface over time; to put something somewhere

Synonymsleavelay downsettle

🇺🇿cho‘ktirmoq, qatlam qoldirmoq

🇷🇺откладывать, оставлять (осадок)

B1Please deposit your bags at the reception before entering.
B2The river deposits rich soil on the fields every spring.
C1Every month, I deposit a small part of my salary into a savings account.

C2adjective15

ephemeral

lasting for only a short time

Synonymsshort-livedtemporaryfleeting

🇺🇿qisqa muddatli, o‘tkinchi

🇷🇺эфемерный, недолговечный

B1Most online trends are ephemeral and quickly forgotten.
B2Fame on social media is often ephemeral and disappears in weeks.
C1Teenage crushes are often ephemeral, but they feel incredibly serious at the time.

C1adverb16

intriguingly

in a way that is very interesting because it is unusual or unexpected

Synonymsinterestinglycuriouslyfascinatingly

🇺🇿qiziq tomoni shundaki

🇷🇺интересно, любопытно

B1Intriguingly, nobody saw the thief enter the house.
B2Intriguingly, the shy student won the speech competition.
C1Intriguingly, people often remember holidays with problems better than perfect ones.

C1noun17

residue

a small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone

Synonymsremainstraceremnant

🇺🇿qoldiq

🇷🇺остаток, следы

B1Wash your vegetables to remove any chemical residue.
B2There was a sticky residue on the table after the party.
C1There was a soapy residue on the glasses after the dishwasher broke.

C1phrase18

call / bring into question

to cause people to doubt something

Synonymscast doubt onchallengeraise doubts about

🇺🇿shubha ostiga qo‘ymoq

🇷🇺ставить под сомнение

B1The new evidence calls his story into question.
B2His late arrival brought his commitment into question.
C1Several bad reviews online called the restaurant’s cleanliness into question.

C2noun19

plethora

a very large amount of something, often too much (a plethora of)

Synonymsabundancewealthexcess

🇺🇿juda ko‘p, haddan ortiq miqdor

🇷🇺изобилие, множество

B1The menu offers a plethora of vegetarian dishes.
B2There is a plethora of restaurants in the city.
C1Students today have a plethora of free online resources for learning languages.

C1verb20

contend

to say that something is true, especially in an argument (contend that…)

Synonymsargueclaimmaintain

🇺🇿ta’kidlamoq, da’vo qilmoq

🇷🇺утверждать

B1Some people contend that money cannot buy happiness.
B2My father contends that old phones were better than new ones.
C1Some teachers contend that homework is less useful than reading for pleasure.

C1noun21

inconsistency

a situation in which facts or statements do not agree with each other

Synonymscontradictiondiscrepancyconflict

🇺🇿nomuvofiqlik, ziddiyat

🇷🇺несоответствие, противоречие

B1The police noticed many inconsistencies in the young man’s story.
B2There is some inconsistency in the prices at different shops.
C1Inconsistency in bedtimes makes it harder for young children to sleep well.

C2adverb22

intermittently

stopping and starting repeatedly; not continuously

Synonymson and offperiodicallysporadically

🇺🇿vaqti-vaqti bilan, uzilib-uzilib

🇷🇺периодически, с перерывами

B1The internet worked only intermittently during the storm.
B2It rained intermittently throughout the day, so we stayed inside.
C1My neighbour’s dog barks intermittently all night, which drives me crazy.

B2verb23

speculate

to guess possible answers without having enough information to be certain

Synonymsguesshypothesisetheorise

🇺🇿taxmin qilmoq, faraz qilmoq

🇷🇺предполагать, строить догадки

B1Everyone is speculating about who will win the election.
B2Fans speculated about the singer’s new album for months.
C1There’s no point speculating about the results; we’ll know on Friday.

C1phrase24

be consistent with

to agree with or match other facts or ideas

Synonymsmatchagree withbe in line with

🇺🇿… ga mos kelmoq

🇷🇺согласовываться с, соответствовать

B1Your new results are consistent with your hard work.
B2His story is consistent with what the other witnesses said.
C1Eating fast food daily is hardly consistent with your plan to get fit.

C1idiom25

cast doubt on

to make people feel less certain about something

Synonymscall into questionquestionundermine

🇺🇿… ga shubha tug‘dirmoq

🇷🇺ставить под сомнение

B1New evidence has cast doubt on his story.
B2The broken seal casts doubt on the quality of the food.
C1His frequent excuses cast doubt on how seriously he takes the job.

C1noun26

assertion

a statement that you strongly believe is true (make / support / reject an assertion)

Synonymsclaimstatementdeclaration

🇺🇿da’vo, qat’iy fikr

🇷🇺утверждение

B1I disagree with your assertion that football is boring.
B2His assertion that the earth is flat is simply wrong.
C1Her assertion that she never watches TV surprised all her friends.

B2noun27

paradox

a situation or statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposite facts

Synonymscontradictionpuzzleinconsistency

🇺🇿paradoks, ziddiyat

🇷🇺парадокс

B1It’s a paradox that busy people often have more free time.
B2It’s a paradox that the more we rest, the more tired we feel.
C1The paradox of choice is that more options often make shopping harder, not easier.

B2adjective28

sufficient

enough for a particular purpose (formal) (sufficient to do / for)

Synonymsenoughadequateample

🇺🇿yetarli

🇷🇺достаточный

B1Two eggs are sufficient for this small cake.
B2We have sufficient time to finish the project before Friday.
C1One short walk a day is often sufficient to improve your mood.

B2verb29

fare (badly / well)

to be successful or unsuccessful in a particular situation

Synonymsdoget onmanage

🇺🇿(yaxshi / yomon) natijaga erishmoq

🇷🇺справляться, обстоять (плохо / хорошо)

B1Our tomatoes fared well despite the hot summer.
B2Our team fared badly in the competition this year.
C1Students who sleep well usually fare better in exams than those who stay up late.

C1adjective30

volatile

likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly, often becoming dangerous

Synonymsunstableunpredictableexplosive

🇺🇿beqaror, o‘zgaruvchan

🇷🇺нестабильный, взрывоопасный

B1Petrol prices have been very volatile this year.
B2The weather in the mountains can be very volatile.
C1The situation at the meeting became volatile when the manager mentioned salary cuts.