Answer all 5 questions in a test, then press Check answers. Tap See explanation under any question to see why — in 🇬🇧 English, 🇺🇿 Uzbek and 🇷🇺 Russian.
🇬🇧Prevail means to be generally accepted or to dominate for a long time. The idea of universal grammar was the accepted view for fifty years.
🇺🇿Prevail — uzoq vaqt ustun bo‘lmoq, hukm surmoq. Universal grammatika g‘oyasi ellik yil davomida umumqabul qilingan qarash bo‘lgan.
🇷🇺Prevail — преобладать, господствовать долгое время. Идея универсальной грамматики пятьдесят лет была общепринятой.
🇬🇧An outlier is something that is very different from all the others. Evans says languages share ‘standard solutions’, and then there are outliers that break the pattern.
🇺🇿Outlier — guruhdagi boshqalardan keskin farq qiladigan narsa. Evansning aytishicha, tillarda umumiy yechimlar bor, ularni buzadigan istisnolar ham bor.
🇷🇺Outlier — то, что сильно отличается от остальных в группе. По словам Эванса, у языков есть типичные решения, а есть исключения, нарушающие закономерность.
🇬🇧Indisputable = so certain that nobody can argue with it (in- = not, dispute = argue). The passage says even ‘apparently indisputable’ universals were found lacking.
🇺🇿Indisputable — shunchalik aniqki, hech kim bahslasha olmaydi (in- = emas, dispute = bahslashmoq). Matnda hatto ‘shubhasiz’ tuyulgan qoidalar ham noto‘g‘ri chiqqani aytiladi.
🇷🇺Indisputable — настолько бесспорный, что с этим никто не спорит (in- = не, dispute = спорить). В тексте говорится, что даже ‘бесспорные’ универсалии оказались неверными.
🇬🇧An idiosyncrasy is an unusual feature that belongs to one particular person or thing. Weak tendencies come from each language’s own special features.
🇺🇿Idiosyncrasy — biror kishi yoki narsaga xos g‘alati xususiyat. Kuchsiz tendensiyalar har bir tilning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlaridan kelib chiqadi.
🇷🇺Idiosyncrasy — необычная черта, свойственная конкретному человеку или явлению. Слабые тенденции объясняются особенностями каждого языка.
🇬🇧Incidence means how often something happens — its rate. Indigenous Australian children get this infection more often than any other group. It does not mean ‘incident’.
🇺🇿Incidence — biror hodisaning qanchalik tez-tez uchrashi, ya’ni darajasi. Mahalliy avstraliyalik bolalarda bu infeksiya boshqalardan ko‘ra ko‘proq uchraydi. ‘Incident’ (voqea) bilan adashtirmang.
🇷🇺Incidence — как часто что-то происходит, то есть частота. У детей коренных австралийцев эта инфекция встречается чаще всего. Не путайте с ‘incident’ (случай).
🇬🇧After ‘was’ we need a passive verb form: a theory is put forward = it is suggested for people to consider. ‘Deploy’ is also a verb, but you deploy tools, not theories.
🇺🇿‘was’ dan keyin majhul nisbat kerak: nazariya is put forward — ilgari suriladi. ‘Deploy’ ham fe’l, lekin u vosita qo‘llash uchun, nazariya uchun emas.
🇷🇺После ‘was’ нужен пассив: теорию put forward — выдвигают. ‘Deploy’ тоже глагол, но так говорят об инструментах, а не о теориях.
🇬🇧‘Extremely’ needs an adjective. Influential = having a big effect on others — the theory shaped linguistics, psychology and cognitive science.
🇺🇿‘Extremely’ dan keyin sifat kerak. Influential — boshqalarga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi: bu nazariya tilshunoslik, psixologiya va kognitiv fanlarga ta’sir qilgan.
🇷🇺После ‘extremely’ нужно прилагательное. Influential — влиятельный: теория повлияла на лингвистику, психологию и когнитивную науку.
🇬🇧We need a present-tense verb meaning ‘do not have’: some languages lack adjectives (Lao has none). Remember: the verb is lack something — no ‘of’.
🇺🇿‘Ega emas’ ma’nosidagi hozirgi zamon fe’li kerak: ba’zi tillarda sifat yo‘q (lao tilida umuman yo‘q). Eslang: fe’l shakli lack something — ‘of’ ishlatilmaydi.
🇷🇺Нужен глагол настоящего времени со значением ‘не иметь’: в некоторых языках нет прилагательных (в лаосском их нет вовсе). Запомните: lack something — без ‘of’.
🇬🇧After ‘the’ we need a noun. Diversity = great variety — exactly what Evans and Levinson call the defining feature of language. ‘Incidence’ is a noun too, but it means ‘rate’.
🇺🇿‘the’ dan keyin ot kerak. Diversity — xilma-xillik: Evans va Levinson aynan buni tilning asosiy xususiyati deyishadi. ‘Incidence’ ham ot, lekin ‘uchrash darajasi’ degani.
🇷🇺После ‘the’ нужно существительное. Diversity — разнообразие: именно его Эванс и Левинсон считают главной чертой языка. ‘Incidence’ тоже существительное, но значит ‘частота’.
🇬🇧After ‘languages’ we need a verb that goes with ‘rules’: you obey rules (= follow them). The passage asks: ‘If languages do not obey a single set of shared rules…’
🇺🇿‘languages’ dan keyin ‘rules’ bilan birikadigan fe’l kerak: qoidalarga obey — bo‘ysunish. Matnda: ‘If languages do not obey a single set of shared rules…’
🇷🇺После ‘languages’ нужен глагол, сочетающийся с ‘rules’: правилам obey — подчиняются. В тексте: ‘If languages do not obey a single set of shared rules…’
🇬🇧The verb conform is followed by to: conform to rules, conform to standards.
🇺🇿Conform fe’lidan keyin to keladi: conform to rules — qoidalarga mos kelmoq.
🇷🇺После conform идёт to: conform to rules — соответствовать правилам.
🇬🇧The pattern is set sth apart from sth: it makes one thing different from another.
🇺🇿Qolip: set sth apart from sth — bir narsani boshqasidan ajratib turmoq.
🇷🇺Схема: set sth apart from sth — отличать одно от другого.
🇬🇧As a verb, lack takes a direct object with no preposition: Lao lacks adjectives. ‘Lack of’ is only used with the noun: a lack of adjectives.
🇺🇿Fe’l sifatida lack to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri to‘ldiruvchi oladi: Lao lacks adjectives. ‘Lack of’ faqat ot bilan: a lack of adjectives.
🇷🇺Как глагол lack употребляется без предлога: Lao lacks adjectives. ‘Lack of’ — только с существительным: a lack of adjectives.
🇬🇧The fixed linking phrase is in turn = as a result. The passage: ‘language in turn shapes our brains’.
🇺🇿Tayyor bog‘lovchi ibora: in turn — o‘z navbatida. Matnda: ‘language in turn shapes our brains’.
🇷🇺Устойчивое выражение: in turn — в свою очередь. В тексте: ‘language in turn shapes our brains’.
🇬🇧After become we need an adjective: become extinct. ‘Extinction’ is a noun (the extinction of a language).
🇺🇿Become dan keyin sifat kerak: become extinct — yo‘q bo‘lib ketmoq. ‘Extinction’ — ot (the extinction of a language).
🇷🇺После become нужно прилагательное: become extinct — исчезнуть. ‘Extinction’ — существительное (the extinction of a language).
🇬🇧Sweep aside = dismiss: to ignore something as unimportant.
🇺🇿Sweep aside = dismiss — ahamiyatsiz deb e’tiborsiz qoldirmoq.
🇷🇺Sweep aside = dismiss — отмахнуться, посчитать неважным.
🇬🇧Persuasively = convincingly: in a way that makes people believe you.
🇺🇿Persuasively = convincingly — ishonarli tarzda.
🇷🇺Persuasively = convincingly — убедительно. persuasively — убедительно.
🇬🇧Widespread ≈ common: found in many places or among many people.
🇺🇿Widespread ≈ common — keng tarqalgan, ko‘p joyda uchraydigan.
🇷🇺Widespread ≈ common — широко распространённый.
🇬🇧Identify ≈ recognise: to find and name something. Delicate (easily damaged) is the extra word.
🇺🇿Identify ≈ recognise — aniqlamoq, tanimoq. Delicate (nozik) — ortiqcha so‘z.
🇷🇺Identify ≈ recognise — выявлять, распознавать. Delicate (хрупкий) — лишнее слово.
🇬🇧Sheer ≈ pure: used to emphasise how great something is — the variety on its own is remarkable.
🇺🇿Sheer ≈ pure — biror narsaning kattaligini ta’kidlaydi: xilma-xillikning o‘zi hayratlanarli.
🇷🇺Sheer ≈ pure — подчёркивает масштаб: само по себе разнообразие поразительно.
🇬🇧Adopt takes a direct object: adopt a timetable / a method / an idea. Don’t confuse it with adapt to (= get used to).
🇺🇿Adopt to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri to‘ldiruvchi oladi: adopt a timetable / a method. Adapt to (moslashmoq) bilan adashtirmang.
🇷🇺Adopt употребляется с прямым дополнением: adopt a timetable / a method. Не путайте с adapt to (приспособиться).
🇬🇧The pattern is perceive sth/sb as… — no preposition after the verb itself.
🇺🇿Qolip: perceive sth/sb as… — fe’ldan keyin predlog yo‘q.
🇷🇺Схема: perceive sth/sb as… — после самого глагола предлога нет.
🇬🇧We say a tendency to + verb: a tendency to arrive. ‘Tendency’ is a noun, so it cannot be the verb of a sentence.
🇺🇿A tendency to + fe’l deymiz: a tendency to arrive. ‘Tendency’ — ot, u gapda fe’l bo‘la olmaydi.
🇷🇺Говорим a tendency to + глагол: a tendency to arrive. ‘Tendency’ — существительное, оно не может быть сказуемым.
🇬🇧The fixed phrase is with the exception of. (Or simply except Ali — never ‘except of’.)
🇺🇿Tayyor ibora: with the exception of. (Yoki oddiygina except Ali — ‘except of’ emas.)
🇷🇺Устойчивое выражение: with the exception of. (Или просто except Ali — но не ‘except of’.)
🇬🇧Distinct is an adjective meaning ‘clearly different’: distinct meanings. It is not a verb (use distinguish).
🇺🇿Distinct — ‘aniq farqlanadigan’ ma’nosidagi sifat: distinct meanings. U fe’l emas (fe’l — distinguish).
🇷🇺Distinct — прилагательное ‘отличный, отдельный’: distinct meanings. Это не глагол (глагол — distinguish).
🇬🇧Diversity = a wide range of different things — the key word of the whole passage.
🇺🇿Diversity — xilma-xillik: butun matnning kalit so‘zi.
🇷🇺Diversity — разнообразие: ключевое слово всего текста.
🇬🇧Interpret = to explain the meaning of something. UG was ‘widely interpreted as meaning that all languages are basically the same’.
🇺🇿Interpret — biror narsaning ma’nosini talqin qilmoq. UG ‘barcha tillar asosan bir xil’ degan ma’noda talqin qilingan.
🇷🇺Interpret — толковать смысл. UG ‘широко толковали’ как утверждение, что все языки в основе одинаковы.
🇬🇧In turn = as a result of the previous step in a chain of events.
🇺🇿In turn — o‘z navbatida, voqealar zanjiridagi oldingi qadam natijasida.
🇷🇺In turn — в свою очередь, как следствие предыдущего шага.
🇬🇧Influential = having a strong effect on people or ideas. Essential means ‘necessary’, a different idea.
🇺🇿Influential — odamlar yoki g‘oyalarga kuchli ta’sir ko‘rsatuvchi. Essential esa ‘zarur’ degani.
🇷🇺Influential — влиятельный. Essential значит ‘необходимый’ — это другое.
🇬🇧Controversial = causing disagreement. It is almost the opposite of indisputable (= nobody can argue).
🇺🇿Controversial — bahsli, kelishmovchilik tug‘diradigan. U indisputable (shubhasiz) so‘ziga deyarli qarama-qarshi.
🇷🇺Controversial — спорный. Почти противоположность indisputable (бесспорный).