Answer all 5 questions in a test, then press Check answers. Tap See explanation under any question to see why — in 🇬🇧 English, 🇺🇿 Uzbek and 🇷🇺 Russian.
🇬🇧Reserved for = kept only for a particular person or group; exclusively makes it even stronger (= only). Nobody except the emperor’s circle could use silk.
🇺🇿Reserved for — faqat ma’lum shaxs yoki guruh uchun ajratilgan; exclusively buni kuchaytiradi (= faqat). Imperator doirasidan boshqa hech kim ipakdan foydalana olmagan.
🇷🇺Reserved for — предназначенный только для определённого человека или группы; exclusively усиливает смысл (= исключительно). Никто, кроме окружения императора, не мог пользоваться шёлком.
🇬🇧A commodity is a product that is traded. The passage calls silk ‘a precious commodity’ — a valuable product that other countries wanted to buy.
🇺🇿Commodity — sotib olinadigan va sotiladigan mahsulot. Matnda ipak ‘qimmatli tovar’ deb ataladi — boshqa davlatlar sotib olmoqchi bo‘lgan qimmatbaho mahsulot.
🇷🇺Commodity — товар, который покупают и продают. В тексте шёлк назван ‘ценным товаром’, который хотели купить другие страны.
🇬🇧Cease = stop. Silk stopped being just a fabric and also became money (a form of currency).
🇺🇿Cease — to‘xtamoq. Ipak faqat mato bo‘lishdan to‘xtadi va pul vazifasini ham bajara boshladi.
🇷🇺Cease — прекращать. Шёлк перестал быть просто тканью и стал ещё и деньгами.
🇬🇧A monopoly = total control of producing or selling something by one group. China was the only producer until the secret spread.
🇺🇿Monopoly — biror narsani ishlab chiqarish yoki sotishni bitta guruh to‘liq nazorat qilishi. Sir tarqalguncha ipakni faqat Xitoy ishlab chiqargan.
🇷🇺Monopoly — полный контроль одной группы над производством или продажей. Пока секрет не раскрыли, шёлк производил только Китай.
🇬🇧To undercut = to sell at a lower price than a competitor. Byzantium produced ordinary silk locally, so it was cheaper than imported Chinese silk.
🇺🇿Undercut — raqobatchidan arzonroq sotmoq. Vizantiya oddiy ipakni o‘zida ishlab chiqargani uchun u import qilingan Xitoy ipagidan arzonroq bo‘lgan.
🇷🇺Undercut — продавать дешевле конкурента. Византия производила обычный шёлк у себя, поэтому он был дешевле китайского.
🇬🇧After ‘the highest’ we need a plural noun for people. Dignitaries = people with important official positions.
🇺🇿‘the highest’ dan keyin odamlarni bildiruvchi ko‘plikdagi ot kerak. Dignitaries — yuqori mansabdor shaxslar.
🇷🇺После ‘the highest’ нужно существительное во множественном числе о людях. Dignitaries — высокопоставленные лица.
🇬🇧The fixed phrase is put something to use; in the passive: silk was put to industrial use.
🇺🇿Turg‘un ibora: put something to use; majhul nisbatda: silk was put to industrial use — sanoatda qo‘llanila boshladi.
🇷🇺Устойчивое выражение put something to use; в пассиве: silk was put to industrial use — шёлк стали применять в промышленности.
🇬🇧‘Paid’ needs an object — people who receive money. Civil servants = government workers; the passage says silk was used ‘to pay civil servants’.
🇺🇿‘Paid’ dan keyin pul oladigan odamlar kerak. Civil servants — davlat xizmatchilari; matnda ipak ‘davlat xizmatchilariga maosh’ sifatida berilgan.
🇷🇺После ‘paid’ нужны люди, получающие деньги. Civil servants — госслужащие; в тексте шёлком ‘платили госслужащим’.
🇬🇧Highly sought after is a strong collocation = wanted by many people. ‘Confined’ does not fit because it means limited.
🇺🇿Highly sought after — kuchli birikma: ko‘pchilik juda istaydigan. ‘Confined’ mos emas — u ‘cheklangan’ degani.
🇷🇺Highly sought after — устойчивое сочетание: очень востребованный. ‘Confined’ не подходит — это ‘ограниченный’.
🇬🇧We need a past-tense verb with an object. Obtained = got (with effort). The monks obtained the eggs secretly.
🇺🇿To‘ldiruvchili o‘tgan zamon fe’li kerak. Obtained — qo‘lga kiritdi. Rohiblar tuxumlarni yashirincha qo‘lga kiritgan.
🇷🇺Нужен глагол в прошедшем времени с дополнением. Obtained — добыли. Монахи тайно добыли яйца.
🇬🇧Reserve something for somebody: seats reserved for the elderly, silk reserved for the emperor.
🇺🇿Reserve something for — kimgadir atab ajratmoq: silk reserved for the emperor.
🇷🇺Reserve something for — предназначать для кого-то: silk reserved for the emperor.
🇬🇧Confined to = limited to: The problem is not confined to big cities.
🇺🇿Confined to — … bilan cheklangan: confined to the nobility — faqat zodagonlarga tegishli.
🇷🇺Confined to — ограниченный чем-то: confined to the nobility — только для знати.
🇬🇧We say a monopoly on (or of) something: a monopoly on silk production.
🇺🇿Monopoly on (yoki of) something deyiladi: a monopoly on silk production.
🇷🇺Говорят monopoly on (или of) something: a monopoly on silk production.
🇬🇧The fixed phrase is under (somebody’s) supervision: children must swim under adult supervision.
🇺🇿Turg‘un ibora: under supervision — nazorat ostida.
🇷🇺Устойчивое выражение: under supervision — под надзором.
🇬🇧Evidence of something = a sign that it existed: evidence of water on Mars, evidence of the silk trade.
🇺🇿Evidence of — nimaningdir dalili: evidence of the silk trade — ipak savdosining dalili.
🇷🇺Evidence of — свидетельство чего-то: evidence of the silk trade.
🇬🇧Principal (adjective) = main, most important. Don’t confuse it with principle (a rule).
🇺🇿Principal = main — asosiy, eng muhim. Principle (tamoyil) bilan adashtirmang.
🇷🇺Principal = main — главный. Не путайте с principle (принцип).
🇬🇧Startled = suddenly surprised or frightened = shocked.
🇺🇿Startled = shocked — to‘satdan cho‘chigan, hayratga tushgan.
🇷🇺Startled = shocked — внезапно испуганный, потрясённый.
🇬🇧Cease is the formal word for stop. (cease: to stop happening or existing; to stop doing something (formal) — cease to be / cease to exist / cease doing)
🇺🇿Cease — stop ning rasmiy sinonimi: to‘xtamoq.
🇷🇺Cease — формальный синоним stop: прекращать. cease — прекращать(ся), переставать.
🇬🇧Obtain = acquire = get, usually with some effort. Both are formal and useful in IELTS writing.
🇺🇿Obtain = acquire — qo‘lga kiritmoq. Ikkalasi ham IELTS yozuvi uchun foydali rasmiy so‘zlar.
🇷🇺Obtain = acquire — получать, приобретать. Оба слова полезны для IELTS Writing.
🇬🇧Widespread = happening in many places = common. ‘In demand’ means wanted, not common.
🇺🇿Widespread = common — keng tarqalgan. ‘In demand’ esa ‘talab yuqori’ degani.
🇷🇺Widespread = common — широко распространённый. ‘In demand’ значит ‘востребованный’.
🇬🇧Evidence is uncountable: no an, no -s. Say clear evidence of, a piece of evidence.
🇺🇿Evidence sanalmaydigan ot: an ham, -s ham qo‘shilmaydi. Clear evidence of yoki a piece of evidence deyiladi.
🇷🇺Evidence — неисчисляемое: без an и -s. Правильно: clear evidence of, a piece of evidence.
🇬🇧Principal is an adjective meaning main: the principal food. A rule or belief is a principle.
🇺🇿Principal — sifat, ‘asosiy’ degani: the principal food. Qoida yoki e’tiqod esa principle.
🇷🇺Principal — прилагательное ‘главный’: the principal food. Правило или убеждение — principle.
🇬🇧Use cease to do or cease doing: ceased to exist. It is not passive here and takes no preposition.
🇺🇿Cease to do yoki cease doing ishlatiladi: ceased to exist. Bu yerda majhul nisbat ham, predlog ham kerak emas.
🇷🇺Используйте cease to do или cease doing: ceased to exist. Без пассива и без предлога.
🇬🇧Sought after comes from seek; use it as an adjective with by: highly sought after by employers.
🇺🇿Sought after — seek fe’lidan; sifat sifatida by bilan: highly sought after by employers.
🇷🇺Sought after — от seek; употребляется как прилагательное с by: highly sought after by employers.
🇬🇧Master (verb) takes a direct object with no preposition: master chess / a skill / the art of weaving.
🇺🇿Master fe’li predlogsiz to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri to‘ldiruvchi oladi: master chess / a skill.
🇷🇺Глагол master требует прямого дополнения без предлога: master chess / a skill.
🇬🇧Heir to the throne = the person who will be the next ruler. The emperor’s heir wore yellow outside the palace.
🇺🇿Heir to the throne — keyingi hukmdor bo‘ladigan shaxs, taxt vorisi.
🇷🇺Heir to the throne — человек, который станет следующим правителем, наследник престола.
🇬🇧Cultivation = growing plants or raising animals — the cultivation of the silkworm spread to India.
🇺🇿Cultivation — yetishtirish: ipak qurtini yetishtirish Hindistonga tarqalgan.
🇷🇺Cultivation — выращивание, разведение: разведение шелкопряда распространилось в Индию.
🇬🇧Without distinction = treating everyone in the same way. Silk spread to all classes without distinction.
🇺🇿Without distinction — hech qanday farqsiz: ipak barcha tabaqalarga farqsiz tarqalgan.
🇷🇺Without distinction — без различия: шёлк распространился среди всех сословий без различия.
🇬🇧Civil servant = a person who works for the government. A dignitary is a very important official, not an ordinary government worker.
🇺🇿Civil servant — davlat xizmatchisi. Dignitary esa oddiy xodim emas, yuqori mansabdor shaxs.
🇷🇺Civil servant — госслужащий. Dignitary — высокопоставленное лицо, а не рядовой служащий.
🇬🇧Dramatically = suddenly and by a lot. China dramatically increased its silk production after the 1970s. Gradually is the opposite (slowly).
🇺🇿Dramatically — keskin, katta miqdorda. Gradually esa aksincha — asta-sekin.
🇷🇺Dramatically — резко, значительно. Gradually — наоборот, постепенно.