Daily Reading Practice · Nonfiction passage
Any word, any time — right from this page.
Before the fifteenth century, books in Europe were copiedcopy (verb)To make something exactly the same as something else.≈ Synonym: duplicate🇺🇿UZ: nusxa ko'chirmoq🇷🇺RU: копировать, переписывать by hand, one page at a time. This slowslow (adj)Not fast.🇺🇿UZ: sekin🇷🇺RU: медленный process meant that books were rare and extremely expensive, so only wealthywealthy (adj)Having a lot of money or valuable possessions.≈ Synonym: rich🇺🇿UZ: boy🇷🇺RU: богатый people, churcheschurch (noun)A building where Christians pray.🇺🇿UZ: cherkov🇷🇺RU: церковь, and universities could own them. Everything changed around 1440, when a German craftsmancraftsman (noun)A skilled worker who makes things by hand, often with great skill.≈ Synonym: artisan🇺🇿UZ: hunarmand🇷🇺RU: ремесленник named Johannes Gutenberg inventedinvent (verb)Created or designed something new for the first time.≈ Synonym: created🇺🇿UZ: ixtiro qildi🇷🇺RU: изобрёл a new machine that would transformtransform (verb)To completely change the form or nature of something.≈ Synonym: change completely🇺🇿UZ: o'zgartirmoq🇷🇺RU: преобразовать how information spread across the world: the printing pressprinting press (noun)A machine used to print many copies of text onto paper.≈ Synonym: print machine🇺🇿UZ: bosmaxona mashinasi🇷🇺RU: печатный станок.
Gutenberg's printing press used a system called movable typemovable type (noun)Separate metal letters that can be arranged and reused to print different pages.≈ Synonym: movable letters🇺🇿UZ: harakatlanuvchi shrift🇷🇺RU: подвижный шрифт. Instead of carvingcarve (verb)Cutting shapes, letters, or designs into a hard material.≈ Synonym: cutting🇺🇿UZ: o'yib yasash🇷🇺RU: вырезание an entire page by hand, individualindividual (adj)Single; separate.≈ Synonym: separate🇺🇿UZ: alohida, yakka🇷🇺RU: отдельный metal letters could be arrangedarrange (verb)Put in a particular order or position.≈ Synonym: organized🇺🇿UZ: joylashtirilgan🇷🇺RU: расставлены, inkedink (verb)Covered with ink in preparation for printing.≈ Synonym: coated with ink🇺🇿UZ: siyohlangan🇷🇺RU: покрыты чернилами, and pressedpress (verb)To push hard on something.≈ Synonym: push🇺🇿UZ: bosmoq🇷🇺RU: нажимать, прижимать onto paper, then rearranged to print a different page. This method allowed workers to produce many copies of a text far more quickly than any scribescribe (noun)A person whose job was to copy documents and books by hand.≈ Synonym: copyist🇺🇿UZ: kotib🇷🇺RU: переписчик could write them by hand.
The effects of the printing press spread rapidlyrapidly (adv)Very quickly, at a fast speed.≈ Synonym: quickly🇺🇿UZ: tezda🇷🇺RU: быстро. Gutenberg's most famous work, a printed Bible, showed the world what the machine could achieve. Within decadesdecade (noun)A period of ten years.🇺🇿UZ: o'n yillik🇷🇺RU: десятилетие, printing workshopsworkshop (noun)Places where things are made or repaired by hand or machine.≈ Synonym: shops🇺🇿UZ: ustaxonalar🇷🇺RU: мастерские appeared in cities across Europe, producing books on science, religionreligion (noun)A belief in a god or gods.≈ Synonym: faith🇺🇿UZ: din🇷🇺RU: религия, law, and literatureliterature (noun)Written works, especially those considered to have artistic value.≈ Synonym: written works🇺🇿UZ: adabiyot🇷🇺RU: литература. For the first time, ordinary peopleordinary people (noun)Regular, common people, not wealthy or powerful ones.≈ Synonym: common people🇺🇿UZ: oddiy odamlar🇷🇺RU: обычные люди had a real chance to accessaccess (verb)To obtain or make use of something.≈ Synonym: obtain🇺🇿UZ: foydalanish imkoniyati🇷🇺RU: доступ written knowledge.
This suddensudden (adj)Happening quickly and without warning.≈ Synonym: unexpected🇺🇿UZ: to'satdan, kutilmagan🇷🇺RU: внезапный access to books had huge consequencesconsequence (noun)Results or effects that happen because of an earlier action.≈ Synonym: effects🇺🇿UZ: oqibatlar🇷🇺RU: последствия for society. Literacy ratesliteracy rate (noun)The percentage of people in a place who can read and write.≈ Synonym: reading ability levels🇺🇿UZ: savodxonlik darajasi🇷🇺RU: уровень грамотности slowly began to riserise (verb)To go up; to increase.≈ Synonym: increase🇺🇿UZ: oshmoq, ko'tarilmoq🇷🇺RU: расти, повышаться as more people could affordafford (verb)To have enough money to be able to buy something.≈ Synonym: manage to pay for🇺🇿UZ: sotib olishga qurbi yetmoq🇷🇺RU: позволить себе books and learn to read. New ideas spread faster than ever before, fuelingfuel (verb)Giving energy or strength to something, helping it grow.≈ Synonym: driving🇺🇿UZ: kuchaytirib🇷🇺RU: подпитывая movementsmovement (noun)Organized efforts by groups of people to achieve a particular goal or change.≈ Synonym: campaigns🇺🇿UZ: harakatlar🇷🇺RU: движения such as the RenaissanceRenaissance (noun)A period in European history marked by great achievements in art and learning.≈ Synonym: period of revival🇺🇿UZ: Uyg'onish davri🇷🇺RU: Ренессанс and the ReformationReformation (noun)A religious movement in the sixteenth century that changed Christianity in Europe.≈ Synonym: religious reform movement🇺🇿UZ: Reformatsiya🇷🇺RU: Реформация. Governments and religious leaders sometimes tried to control or censorcensor (verb)To remove or control information that is considered harmful or unwanted.≈ Synonym: restrict🇺🇿UZ: senzura qilmoq🇷🇺RU: подвергать цензуре printed material, fearing its powerful influenceinfluence (noun)The power to affect how people think or behave.≈ Synonym: impact🇺🇿UZ: ta'sir🇷🇺RU: влияние.
Today, we live in a world shaped by Gutenberg's invention. Althoughalthough (conj)Despite the fact that.≈ Synonym: though🇺🇿UZ: garchi ... bo'lsa ham🇷🇺RU: хотя digital technologydigital technology (noun)Modern electronic tools and devices, such as computers and the internet.≈ Synonym: electronic technology🇺🇿UZ: raqamli texnologiya🇷🇺RU: цифровые технологии has changed how we read, the basic idea behind the printing press — making information available to many people, not just a few — remainsremain (verb)Continues to exist or stay the same.≈ Synonym: stays🇺🇿UZ: qolmoqda🇷🇺RU: остаётся at the heart ofheart ofThe most important or central part of something.≈ Synonym: core of🇺🇿UZ: markazida🇷🇺RU: в центре, суть modern communicationcommunication (noun)The sharing of information between people.≈ Synonym: information sharing🇺🇿UZ: aloqa, kommunikatsiya🇷🇺RU: коммуникация. Historianshistorian (noun)People who study and write about history.≈ Synonym: history experts🇺🇿UZ: tarixchilar🇷🇺RU: историки still consider it one of the most important inventionsinvention (noun)New things that have been designed or created for the first time.≈ Synonym: creations🇺🇿UZ: ixtirolar🇷🇺RU: изобретения in human history.
In your own words, write a short summary of what you just read (70–100 words). Don't copy sentences — explain the main ideas.
Every highlighted word from this story with its meaning in Uzbek 🇺🇿 and Russian 🇷🇺, and an example. Tap 🇬🇧 or 🇺🇸 to hear the word or the sentence in a British or American accent.
| # | 🇬🇧 | 🇺🇿 | 🇷🇺 | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | copyverb | nusxa ko'chirmoq | копировать, переписывать | He copied his friend's homework. |
| 2 | slowadjective | sekin | медленный | The internet is very slow today. |
| 3 | wealthyadjective | boy | богатый | Only wealthy families could afford to send their children abroad. |
| 4 | churchnoun | cherkov | церковь | There is an old church in the centre of the town. |
| 5 | craftsmannoun | hunarmand | ремесленник | The craftsman made the wooden door by hand. |
| 6 | inventverb | ixtiro qildi | изобрёл | Nobody knows exactly who invented the wheel. |
| 7 | transformverb | o'zgartirmoq | преобразовать | The new park has transformed our neighbourhood. |
| 8 | printing pressnoun | bosmaxona mashinasi | печатный станок | The printing press made books much cheaper. |
| 9 | movable typenoun | harakatlanuvchi shrift | подвижный шрифт | With movable type, printers could reuse the same letters. |
| 10 | carveverb | o'yib yasash | вырезание | He carved a small bird out of wood. |
| 11 | individualadjective | alohida, yakka | отдельный | Each student gets individual help from the teacher. |
| 12 | arrangeverb | joylashtirilgan | расставлены | She arranged the flowers in a tall vase. |
| 13 | inkverb | siyohlangan | покрыты чернилами | My pen has run out of ink. |
| 14 | pressverb | bosmoq | нажимать, прижимать | Press the button to start the machine. |
| 15 | scribenoun | kotib | переписчик | In the past, a scribe copied every book by hand. |
| 16 | rapidlyadverb | tezda | быстро | The city is growing rapidly. |
| 17 | decadenoun | o'n yillik | десятилетие | The city has changed a lot over the last decade. |
| 18 | workshopnoun | ustaxonalar | мастерские | My uncle repairs cars in his workshop. |
| 19 | religionnoun | din | религия | We studied the history of religion at school. |
| 20 | literaturenoun | adabiyot | литература | She is studying English literature at university. |
| 21 | ordinary peoplenoun | oddiy odamlar | обычные люди | The new law will help ordinary people save money. |
| 22 | accessverb | foydalanish imkoniyati | доступ | All students have access to the computer room. |
| 23 | suddenadjective | to'satdan, kutilmagan | внезапный | There was a sudden change in the weather. |
| 24 | consequencenoun | oqibatlar | последствия | Every decision has consequences. |
| 25 | literacy ratenoun | savodxonlik darajasi | уровень грамотности | Uzbekistan has a very high literacy rate. |
| 26 | riseverb | oshmoq, ko'tarilmoq | расти, повышаться | Prices rise every year. |
| 27 | affordverb | sotib olishga qurbi yetmoq | позволить себе | Many families can't afford to travel abroad. |
| 28 | fuelverb | kuchaytirib | подпитывая | Rising prices fuelled anger among the public. |
| 29 | movementnoun | harakatlar | движения | The green movement is growing among young people. |
| 30 | Renaissancenoun | Uyg'onish davri | Ренессанс | Leonardo da Vinci was a great artist of the Renaissance. |
| 31 | Reformationnoun | Reformatsiya | Реформация | The Reformation changed the church in sixteenth-century Europe. |
| 32 | censorverb | senzura qilmoq | подвергать цензуре | Some governments censor the internet. |
| 33 | influencenoun | ta'sir | влияние | My grandfather had a big influence on my life. |
| 34 | althoughconjunction | garchi ... bo'lsa ham | хотя | Although he was tired, he finished the work. |
| 35 | digital technologynoun | raqamli texnologiya | цифровые технологии | Digital technology has changed how we read the news. |
| 36 | remainverb | qolmoqda | остаётся | Please remain in your seats until the plane stops. |
| 37 | heart of | markazida | в центре, суть | Our hotel is in the heart of the old city. |
| 38 | communicationnoun | aloqa, kommunikatsiya | коммуникация | Email is a fast form of communication. |
| 39 | historiannoun | tarixchilar | историки | Historians still argue about the causes of the war. |
| 40 | inventionnoun | ixtirolar | изобретения | The invention of the internet changed everything. |