Daily Reading Practice · Nonfiction passage
Any word, any time — right from this page.
A placeboplacebo (noun)A treatment with no active medical ingredient.≈ Synonym: dummy treatment🇺🇿UZ: platsebo🇷🇺RU: плацебо is a treatment with no active medicalmedical (adj)Relating to the treatment of illness.≈ Synonym: clinical🇺🇿UZ: tibbiy🇷🇺RU: медицинский ingredient — often nothing more than a sugar pillsugar pill (noun)A pill with no active medical ingredient.≈ Synonym: dummy pill🇺🇿UZ: shakar tabletka🇷🇺RU: таблетка-пустышка or a salinesaline (adj)Containing salt, especially in a solution.≈ Synonym: salt-based🇺🇿UZ: tuzli🇷🇺RU: физиологический (солевой) injection. Yet in study after study, patients given a placebo sometimes report genuine improvementsimprovement (noun)Changes that make something better.≈ Synonym: progress🇺🇿UZ: yaxshilanishlar🇷🇺RU: улучшения in their symptoms, simply because they believebelieve (verb)To accept something as true.≈ Synonym: trust🇺🇿UZ: ishonmoq🇷🇺RU: верить they are receiving real treatment. This surprisingsurprising (adj)Causing a feeling of mild astonishment.≈ Synonym: unexpected🇺🇿UZ: ajablanarli🇷🇺RU: удивительный phenomenon, known as the placebo effecteffect (noun)A change caused by an event or action.≈ Synonym: impact🇺🇿UZ: ta'sir🇷🇺RU: эффект, reveals just how powerfully the mind can influence the bodybody (noun)The physical structure of a person.≈ Synonym: physical form🇺🇿UZ: tana🇷🇺RU: тело.
The placebo effect is not simply a matter of patients imaginingimagine (verb)Forming a picture of something in the mind.≈ Synonym: picturing🇺🇿UZ: tasavvur qilib🇷🇺RU: воображая they feel better. Brain-imaging studies have shown that placebos can trigger measurable physicalphysical (adj)Relating to the body, not the mind.≈ Synonym: bodily🇺🇿UZ: jismoniy🇷🇺RU: физический changes, including the release of natural painkillerspainkiller (noun)Substances that reduce pain.≈ Synonym: pain relievers🇺🇿UZ: og'riq qoldiruvchi vositalar🇷🇺RU: обезболивающие called endorphinsendorphin (noun)Chemicals produced by the body that reduce pain and boost mood.≈ Synonym: mood chemicals🇺🇿UZ: endorfinlar🇷🇺RU: эндорфины. In some cases, placebo treatments have been shown to produce genuinegenuine (adj)Real and authentic.≈ Synonym: real🇺🇿UZ: haqiqiy🇷🇺RU: подлинный improvements in conditions such as pain, nauseanausea (noun)A feeling of sickness with an urge to vomit.≈ Synonym: sickness🇺🇿UZ: ko'ngil aynishi🇷🇺RU: тошнота, and even symptoms of depressiondepression (noun)A mental health condition causing persistent sadness.≈ Synonym: clinical sadness🇺🇿UZ: depressiya🇷🇺RU: депрессия, at least for a period of time.
Expectationexpectation (noun)A strong belief that something will happen.≈ Synonym: anticipation🇺🇿UZ: kutish🇷🇺RU: ожидание appears to play a central role. If a patient strongly expectsexpect (verb)Believes something will happen.≈ Synonym: anticipates🇺🇿UZ: kutadi🇷🇺RU: ожидает a treatment to work, this belief alone can trigger real biological responsesresponse (noun)Reactions to a stimulus.≈ Synonym: reactions🇺🇿UZ: javob reaksiyalari🇷🇺RU: реакции. Interestingly, research suggests that factors such as the colourcolour (noun)The property of an object that reflects light.≈ Synonym: hue🇺🇿UZ: rang🇷🇺RU: цвет of a pill, the confidence of the doctor prescribing it, or even the price of the treatment can all influence how strong the placebo effect turns out to be, even though none of these things change the treatment's actual contentcontent (noun)The substance or ingredients contained within something.≈ Synonym: composition🇺🇿UZ: tarkib🇷🇺RU: содержимое (состав).
Because of this powerful effect, researchersresearcher (noun)People who carry out academic study.≈ Synonym: scientists🇺🇿UZ: tadqiqotchilar🇷🇺RU: исследователи testing new medicines must compare them against a placebo in controlledcontrolled (adj)Carried out under carefully regulated conditions.≈ Synonym: regulated🇺🇿UZ: nazorat qilinadigan🇷🇺RU: контролируемый trials. If a new drug fails to perform meaningfully better than a placebo, it suggests the drug itself may not be genuinely effectiveeffective (adj)Producing the intended result.≈ Synonym: successful🇺🇿UZ: samarali🇷🇺RU: эффективный. This method, known as a placebo-controlledplacebo-controlled (adj)Involving comparison against a placebo.≈ Synonym: compared with a dummy treatment🇺🇿UZ: platsebo bilan solishtirilgan🇷🇺RU: плацебо-контролируемый trial, remains one of the most important tools in modern medical researchresearch (noun)Careful study to discover new facts.≈ Synonym: investigation🇺🇿UZ: tadqiqot🇷🇺RU: исследование.
The placebo effect also raises interesting ethical questionsquestion (noun)Matters requiring discussion or investigation.≈ Synonym: issues🇺🇿UZ: savollar🇷🇺RU: вопросы. Some researchers have explored whether placebos could be used openlyopenly (adverb)Without secrecy or concealment.≈ Synonym: candidly🇺🇿UZ: ochiq holda🇷🇺RU: открыто — where patients know they are receiving a placebo but are told it may still help, an approach known as an "open-labelopen-label (adj)Describing a study where participants know what they're given.≈ Synonym: unblinded🇺🇿UZ: ochiq belgili🇷🇺RU: открытый (об исследовании) placebo." Surprisingly, some studies suggest this method can still produce real benefitsbenefit (noun)Advantages gained from something.≈ Synonym: advantages🇺🇿UZ: foydalar🇷🇺RU: преимущества, hinting that the relationship between mind and body may be even more complexcomplex (adj)Made up of many interconnected parts; not simple.≈ Synonym: complicated🇺🇿UZ: murakkab🇷🇺RU: сложный than previously understood.