Daily Reading Practice · Nonfiction passage
Any word, any time — right from this page.
Vaccines are one of the greatest discoveriesdiscovery (noun)New pieces of knowledge or things that are found for the first time.≈ Synonym: findings🇺🇿UZ: kashfiyotlar🇷🇺RU: открытия in medical historymedical history (noun)The record of important events and developments in medicine over time.≈ Synonym: history of medicine🇺🇿UZ: tibbiyot tarixi🇷🇺RU: история медицины. They have savedsave (verb)Kept someone safe from death, harm, or danger.≈ Synonym: rescued🇺🇿UZ: qutqargan🇷🇺RU: спас millions of lives by protecting people from dangerous diseasesdisease (noun)An illness of people, animals or plants.≈ Synonym: illness🇺🇿UZ: kasallik🇷🇺RU: болезнь. But how did vaccines come to exist, and how do they work?
The story of vaccines begins over 200 years ago. In the 18th centurycentury (noun)A period of one hundred years.≈ Synonym: hundred years🇺🇿UZ: asr🇷🇺RU: век, столетие, smallpox was a deadlydeadly (adj)Able to cause death.≈ Synonym: lethal🇺🇿UZ: o'ldiruvchi, halokatli🇷🇺RU: смертельный disease that killedkill (verb)To make someone or something die.🇺🇿UZ: o'ldirmoq🇷🇺RU: убивать many people around the world. In 1796, a British doctordoctor (noun)A person whose job is to treat ill people.≈ Synonym: physician🇺🇿UZ: shifokor🇷🇺RU: врач named Edward Jenner made an important discoverydiscovery (noun)New pieces of knowledge or things that are found for the first time.≈ Synonym: findings🇺🇿UZ: kashfiyotlar🇷🇺RU: открытия. He noticed that milkmaidsmilkmaid (noun)Women whose job is to milk cows.≈ Synonym: dairy workers🇺🇿UZ: sut sog'uvchi ayollar🇷🇺RU: доярки who caught a mildmild (adj)Not severe or serious.≈ Synonym: slight🇺🇿UZ: yengil🇷🇺RU: лёгкий, неопасный illnessillness (noun)A disease or period of being sick.≈ Synonym: sickness🇺🇿UZ: kasallik🇷🇺RU: болезнь called cowpoxcowpox (noun)A mild disease caught from cows, once used to protect people from smallpox.≈ Synonym: vaccinia🇺🇿UZ: sigir chechagi🇷🇺RU: коровья оспа did not get smallpox. Jenner decided to test his idea. He took materialmaterial (noun)A substance that things can be made from.≈ Synonym: substance🇺🇿UZ: material, modda🇷🇺RU: материал, вещество from a cowpox soresore (noun)A painful or infected spot on the skin.≈ Synonym: wound🇺🇿UZ: yara, chirq🇷🇺RU: язвочка, ранка and put it into the armarm (noun)The part of the body between the shoulder and the hand.🇺🇿UZ: qo'l (yelkadan pastki qism)🇷🇺RU: рука of a young boy. The boy became sick for a short time, but he did not get smallpox. This was the first vaccine.
Jenner’s discovery was the start of a new way to fightfight (verb)To try hard to stop something bad.≈ Synonym: combat🇺🇿UZ: kurashmoq🇷🇺RU: бороться disease. Over the next century, scientistsscientist (noun)People who study and work in a field of science.≈ Synonym: researchers🇺🇿UZ: olimlar🇷🇺RU: учёные developed vaccines for other illnesses, including rabiesrabies (noun)A dangerous disease that affects the brain and can be passed from animals to humans, often through bites.≈ Synonym: hydrophobia🇺🇿UZ: quturish kasalligi🇷🇺RU: бешенство, poliopolio (noun)A serious disease that can damage the nerves and cause paralysis, especially in children.≈ Synonym: poliomyelitis🇺🇿UZ: poliomielit🇷🇺RU: полиомиелит, and measlesmeasles (noun)A disease, especially of children, that causes small red spots on the skin and a fever.≈ Synonym: rubeola🇺🇿UZ: qizamiq🇷🇺RU: корь. A vaccine works by teaching the body’s immune systemimmune system (noun)The body's natural system that fights off diseases and infections.≈ Synonym: body's defence system🇺🇿UZ: immun tizimi🇷🇺RU: иммунная система to fight a disease. It usually containscontain (verb)Has something inside or as a part.≈ Synonym: includes🇺🇿UZ: tarkibida bo'lmoq, saqlamoq🇷🇺RU: содержит a small, safe part of the virusvirus (noun)A very small germ that can cause disease and spreads inside living cells.≈ Synonym: pathogen🇺🇿UZ: virus🇷🇺RU: вирус or bacteriabacteria (noun)Very small living things, some of which can cause disease.≈ Synonym: germs🇺🇿UZ: bakteriyalar🇷🇺RU: бактерии that causes the illness. The body learns to recogniserecognise (verb)To identify or know something because you have seen or learned about it before.≈ Synonym: identify🇺🇿UZ: tanimoq, aniqlamoq🇷🇺RU: распознавать it and build defencesbuild defences (phrase)To create ways to protect against something, such as a disease.≈ Synonym: develop protection🇺🇿UZ: himoyani shakllantirmoq🇷🇺RU: формировать защиту so that, if the real disease appears, the body is readyready (adj)Prepared to do something.≈ Synonym: prepared🇺🇿UZ: tayyor🇷🇺RU: готовый to attackattack (verb)To act against something in a harmful or forceful way, such as the immune system attacking a germ.≈ Synonym: fight off🇺🇿UZ: hujum qilmoq🇷🇺RU: атаковать it.
Today, vaccines protect people from many diseases that once caused great sufferingsuffering (noun)Pain or difficulty experienced by a person, often because of illness.≈ Synonym: pain🇺🇿UZ: azob-uqubat🇷🇺RU: страдание. Thanks to vaccines, smallpox was completelycompletely (adv)Totally; in every way.≈ Synonym: fully🇺🇿UZ: butunlay, to'liq🇷🇺RU: полностью wiped outwipe out (phrase)Completely destroyed or removed; ended entirely.≈ Synonym: eliminated🇺🇿UZ: butunlay yo'q qilingan🇷🇺RU: полностью уничтожен in 1980. Polio, a disease that once left many children unable to walk, is now very rarerare (adj)Not common; happening very infrequently.≈ Synonym: uncommon🇺🇿UZ: kamdan-kam uchraydigan🇷🇺RU: редкий.
Vaccines are one of the safestsafe (adj)Not dangerous.≈ Synonym: secure🇺🇿UZ: xavfsiz🇷🇺RU: безопасный and most effectiveeffective (adj)Producing the result that is wanted; working well.≈ Synonym: efficient🇺🇿UZ: samarali🇷🇺RU: эффективный ways to preventprevent (verb)To stop something from happening.≈ Synonym: stop🇺🇿UZ: oldini olmoq🇷🇺RU: предотвращать illness. They not only protect the people who receivereceive (verb)To get or be given something.≈ Synonym: get🇺🇿UZ: olmoq, qabul qilmoq🇷🇺RU: получать them, but also help protect others by stoppingstop (verb)To make something end or not happen.≈ Synonym: prevent🇺🇿UZ: to'xtatmoq🇷🇺RU: останавливать diseases from spreadingspread (verb)Moving and affecting more and more people or places.≈ Synonym: expanding🇺🇿UZ: tarqalmoq🇷🇺RU: распространяться. This is why vaccines are so important for public healthpublic health (noun)The general health and well-being of all people in a community.≈ Synonym: community health🇺🇿UZ: jamoat sog'lig'i🇷🇺RU: общественное здоровье.
In conclusion, the history of vaccines shows how sciencescience (noun)The organized study of the natural world through observation and experiments.≈ Synonym: scientific study🇺🇿UZ: fan🇷🇺RU: наука can change the world for the better. Vaccines have saved lives in the past, and they continue to protect us today.
In your own words, write a short summary of what you just read (70–100 words). Don't copy sentences — explain the main ideas.
Every highlighted word from this story with its meaning in Uzbek 🇺🇿 and Russian 🇷🇺, and an example. Tap 🇬🇧 or 🇺🇸 to hear the word or the sentence in a British or American accent.
| # | 🇬🇧 | 🇺🇿 | 🇷🇺 | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | discoverynoun | kashfiyotlar | открытия | The discovery of oil changed the country's economy. |
| 2 | medical historynoun | tibbiyot tarixi | история медицины | The doctor asked about my medical history. |
| 3 | saveverb | qutqargan | спас | The firefighter saved a child from the burning house. |
| 4 | diseasenoun | kasallik | болезнь | Washing your hands helps stop disease. |
| 5 | centurynoun | asr | век, столетие | This tradition is several centuries old. |
| 6 | deadlyadjective | o'ldiruvchi, halokatli | смертельный | Some snakes in the desert are deadly. |
| 7 | killverb | o'ldirmoq | убивать | The cold winter killed many plants in the garden. |
| 8 | doctornoun | shifokor | врач | You should see a doctor about that cough. |
| 9 | milkmaidnoun | sut sog'uvchi ayollar | доярки | In the past, a milkmaid milked the cows every morning. |
| 10 | mildadjective | yengil | лёгкий, неопасный | I had a mild cold, so I still went to school. |
| 11 | illnessnoun | kasallik | болезнь | She missed a month of school because of a serious illness. |
| 12 | cowpoxnoun | sigir chechagi | коровья оспа | Cowpox is a disease that cows can pass to people. |
| 13 | materialnoun | material, modda | материал, вещество | What material is this bag made of? |
| 14 | sorenoun | yara, chirq | язвочка, ранка | He had a painful sore on his lip. |
| 15 | armnoun | qo'l (yelkadan pastki qism) | рука | He broke his arm playing football. |
| 16 | fightverb | kurashmoq | бороться | We must fight pollution together. |
| 17 | scientistnoun | olimlar | учёные | The scientists published their results last month. |
| 18 | rabiesnoun | quturish kasalligi | бешенство | If a dog bites you, see a doctor because of the risk of rabies. |
| 19 | polionoun | poliomielit | полиомиелит | Most children today are vaccinated against polio. |
| 20 | measlesnoun | qizamiq | корь | Measles spreads very easily among children. |
| 21 | immune systemnoun | immun tizimi | иммунная система | Healthy food and sleep make your immune system stronger. |
| 22 | containverb | tarkibida bo'lmoq, saqlamoq | содержит | This drink contains a lot of sugar. |
| 23 | virusnoun | virus | вирус | The flu is caused by a virus. |
| 24 | bacterianoun | bakteriyalar | бактерии | Wash your hands to remove bacteria. |
| 25 | recogniseverb | tanimoq, aniqlamoq | распознавать | I didn't recognise you with your new haircut! |
| 26 | build defencesphrase | himoyani shakllantirmoq | формировать защиту | The body builds defences after a vaccine. |
| 27 | readyadjective | tayyor | готовый | Are you ready for the exam? |
| 28 | attackverb | hujum qilmoq | атаковать | The dog attacked the postman. |
| 29 | sufferingnoun | azob-uqubat | страдание | The war caused terrible suffering. |
| 30 | completelyadverb | butunlay, to'liq | полностью | I completely forgot about the meeting. |
| 31 | wipe outphrase | butunlay yo'q qilingan | полностью уничтожен | The disease wiped out half the population of the town. |
| 32 | rareadjective | kamdan-kam uchraydigan | редкий | It's rare to see snow in Tashkent in April. |
| 33 | safeadjective | xavfsiz | безопасный | Flying is one of the safest ways to travel. |
| 34 | effectiveadjective | samarali | эффективный | This medicine is very effective against headaches. |
| 35 | preventverb | oldini olmoq | предотвращать | Brushing your teeth helps prevent problems later. |
| 36 | receiveverb | olmoq, qabul qilmoq | получать | Did you receive my email? |
| 37 | stopverb | to'xtatmoq | останавливать | Nothing could stop the fire. |
| 38 | spreadverb | tarqalmoq | распространяться | The virus spread quickly through the school. |
| 39 | public healthnoun | jamoat sog'lig'i | общественное здоровье | Smoking in public places is bad for public health. |
| 40 | sciencenoun | fan | наука | Science was my favourite subject at school. |