Daily Reading Practice · Nonfiction passage
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Vaccines are one of the greatest discoveriesdiscovery (noun)New pieces of knowledge or things that are found for the first time.≈ Synonym: findings🇺🇿UZ: kashfiyotlar🇷🇺RU: открытия in medical historymedical history (noun)The record of important events and developments in medicine over time.≈ Synonym: history of medicine🇺🇿UZ: tibbiyot tarixi🇷🇺RU: история медицины. They have savedsave (verb)Kept someone safe from death, harm, or danger.≈ Synonym: rescued🇺🇿UZ: qutqargan🇷🇺RU: спас millions of lives by protecting people from dangerous diseases. But how did vaccines come to exist, and how do they work?
The story of vaccines begins over 200 years ago. In the 18th centurycentury (noun)A period of one hundred years.≈ Synonym: hundred years🇺🇿UZ: asr🇷🇺RU: век, столетие, smallpox was a deadlydeadly (adj)Able to cause death.≈ Synonym: lethal🇺🇿UZ: o'ldiruvchi, halokatli🇷🇺RU: смертельный disease that killed many people around the world. In 1796, a British doctor named Edward Jenner made an important discoverydiscovery (noun)Something found or learned for the first time.≈ Synonym: finding🇺🇿UZ: kashfiyot🇷🇺RU: открытие. He noticed that milkmaidsmilkmaid (noun)Women whose job is to milk cows.≈ Synonym: dairy workers🇺🇿UZ: sut sog'uvchi ayollar🇷🇺RU: доярки who caught a mildmild (adj)Not severe or serious.≈ Synonym: slight🇺🇿UZ: yengil🇷🇺RU: лёгкий, неопасный illnessillness (noun)A disease or period of being sick.≈ Synonym: sickness🇺🇿UZ: kasallik🇷🇺RU: болезнь called cowpoxcowpox (noun)A mild disease caught from cows, once used to protect people from smallpox.≈ Synonym: vaccinia🇺🇿UZ: sigir chechagi🇷🇺RU: коровья оспа did not get smallpox. Jenner decided to test his idea. He took material from a cowpox soresore (noun)A painful or infected spot on the skin.≈ Synonym: wound🇺🇿UZ: yara, chirq🇷🇺RU: язвочка, ранка and put it into the arm of a young boy. The boy became sick for a short time, but he did not get smallpox. This was the first vaccine.
Jenner’s discovery was the start of a new way to fight disease. Over the next century, scientistsscientist (noun)People who study and work in a field of science.≈ Synonym: researchers🇺🇿UZ: olimlar🇷🇺RU: учёные developed vaccines for other illnesses, including rabiesrabies (noun)A dangerous disease that affects the brain and can be passed from animals to humans, often through bites.≈ Synonym: hydrophobia🇺🇿UZ: quturish kasalligi🇷🇺RU: бешенство, poliopolio (noun)A serious disease that can damage the nerves and cause paralysis, especially in children.≈ Synonym: poliomyelitis🇺🇿UZ: poliomielit🇷🇺RU: полиомиелит, and measlesmeasles (noun)A disease, especially of children, that causes small red spots on the skin and a fever.≈ Synonym: rubeola🇺🇿UZ: qizamiq🇷🇺RU: корь. A vaccine works by teaching the body’s immune systemimmune system (noun)The body's natural system that fights off diseases and infections.≈ Synonym: body's defence system🇺🇿UZ: immun tizimi🇷🇺RU: иммунная система to fight a disease. It usually containscontain (verb)Has something inside or as a part.≈ Synonym: includes🇺🇿UZ: tarkibida bo'lmoq, saqlamoq🇷🇺RU: содержит a small, safe part of the virusvirus (noun)A very small germ that can cause disease and spreads inside living cells.≈ Synonym: pathogen🇺🇿UZ: virus🇷🇺RU: вирус or bacteriabacteria (noun)Very small living things, some of which can cause disease.≈ Synonym: germs🇺🇿UZ: bakteriyalar🇷🇺RU: бактерии that causes the illness. The body learns to recogniserecognise (verb)To identify or know something because you have seen or learned about it before.≈ Synonym: identify🇺🇿UZ: tanimoq, aniqlamoq🇷🇺RU: распознавать it and build defencesbuild defences (phrase)To create ways to protect against something, such as a disease.≈ Synonym: develop protection🇺🇿UZ: himoyani shakllantirmoq🇷🇺RU: формировать защиту so that, if the real disease appears, the body is ready to attackattack (verb)To act against something in a harmful or forceful way, such as the immune system attacking a germ.≈ Synonym: fight off🇺🇿UZ: hujum qilmoq🇷🇺RU: атаковать it.
Today, vaccines protect people from many diseases that once caused great sufferingsuffering (noun)Pain or difficulty experienced by a person, often because of illness.≈ Synonym: pain🇺🇿UZ: azob-uqubat🇷🇺RU: страдание. Thanks to vaccines, smallpox was completely wiped outwipe out (phrase)Completely destroyed or removed; ended entirely.≈ Synonym: eliminated🇺🇿UZ: butunlay yo'q qilingan🇷🇺RU: полностью уничтожен in 1980. Polio, a disease that once left many children unable to walkunable to walk (phrase)Not having the physical ability to walk.≈ Synonym: paralyzed🇺🇿UZ: yura olmaydigan🇷🇺RU: неспособный ходить, is now very rarerare (adj)Not common; happening very infrequently.≈ Synonym: uncommon🇺🇿UZ: kamdan-kam uchraydigan🇷🇺RU: редкий.
Vaccines are one of the safest and most effectiveeffective (adj)Producing the result that is wanted; working well.≈ Synonym: efficient🇺🇿UZ: samarali🇷🇺RU: эффективный ways to preventprevent (verb)To stop something from happening.≈ Synonym: stop🇺🇿UZ: oldini olmoq🇷🇺RU: предотвращать illness. They not only protect the people who receivereceive (verb)To get or be given something.≈ Synonym: get🇺🇿UZ: olmoq, qabul qilmoq🇷🇺RU: получать them, but also help protect others by stopping diseases from spreadingspread (verb)Moving and affecting more and more people or places.≈ Synonym: expanding🇺🇿UZ: tarqalmoq🇷🇺RU: распространяться. This is why vaccines are so important for public healthpublic health (noun)The general health and well-being of all people in a community.≈ Synonym: community health🇺🇿UZ: jamoat sog'lig'i🇷🇺RU: общественное здоровье.
In conclusion, the history of vaccines shows how sciencescience (noun)The organized study of the natural world through observation and experiments.≈ Synonym: scientific study🇺🇿UZ: fan🇷🇺RU: наука can change the world for the better. Vaccines have saved lives in the past, and they continue to protect us today.