Daily Reading Practice · Nonfiction passage
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Writing is one of the most important inventionsinvention (noun)Things created or designed for the first time.≈ Synonym: creations🇺🇿UZ: ixtirolar🇷🇺RU: изобретения in human history. Before writing, people could only shareshare (verb)To give information or ideas to other people.≈ Synonym: pass on🇺🇿UZ: bo'lishmoq, ulashmoq🇷🇺RU: делиться ideas by speaking or using pictures. This worked well for simple messages, but it was hard to remember everything. People needed a better way to recordrecord (verb)To write down information so it can be used or seen later.≈ Synonym: write down🇺🇿UZ: yozib qo'ymoq, qayd etmoq🇷🇺RU: записывать information, and this is how writing beganbegin (verb)Started to exist or happen.≈ Synonym: started🇺🇿UZ: boshlandi🇷🇺RU: началось.
The first writing systemssystem (noun)Organized sets of methods or rules for doing something.≈ Synonym: methods🇺🇿UZ: tizimlar🇷🇺RU: системы appearedappear (verb)Came into existence or became visible for the first time.≈ Synonym: emerged🇺🇿UZ: paydo bo'ldi🇷🇺RU: появились over 5,000 years ago. One of the oldestold (adj)Existing for the longest amount of time.≈ Synonym: most ancient🇺🇿UZ: eng qadimgi🇷🇺RU: самый древний was used in ancientancient (adj)Belonging to a time very long ago.≈ Synonym: very old🇺🇿UZ: qadimiy🇷🇺RU: древний Mesopotamia, where people wrote on clay tabletsclay tabletFlat pieces of dried clay used for writing in ancient times.≈ Synonym: clay writing boards🇺🇿UZ: loydan yasalgan taxtachalar🇷🇺RU: глиняные таблички using a tool called a stylusstylus (noun)A pointed tool used for writing or scratching marks onto a surface.≈ Synonym: writing tool🇺🇿UZ: yozuv tayoqchasi🇷🇺RU: стило. Their writing was made up of small marksmark (noun)Small lines, dots, or shapes made on a surface.≈ Synonym: symbols🇺🇿UZ: belgilar🇷🇺RU: знаки, отметки and shapes. Around the same time, the ancient Egyptians created hieroglyphicshieroglyphics (noun)A writing system that uses pictures and symbols, used in ancient Egypt.≈ Synonym: picture writing🇺🇿UZ: ierogliflar🇷🇺RU: иероглифы. These were pictures that showed objectsobject (noun)Things that can be seen and touched.≈ Synonym: things🇺🇿UZ: narsalar, buyumlar🇷🇺RU: предметы, ideas, or sounds.
Writing made it possiblepossible (adj)Able to happen, exist, or be done.≈ Synonym: achievable🇺🇿UZ: mumkin bo'lgan🇷🇺RU: возможный to keep recordsrecord (noun)Written information kept for future reference.≈ Synonym: documents🇺🇿UZ: hujjatlar, yozuvlar🇷🇺RU: записи of tradetrade (noun)The activity of buying and selling goods.≈ Synonym: commerce🇺🇿UZ: savdo🇷🇺RU: торговля, lawslaw (noun)Official rules made by a government that people must follow.≈ Synonym: rules🇺🇿UZ: qonunlar🇷🇺RU: законы, and stories. It helped people remember important factsfact (noun)Pieces of information known to be true.≈ Synonym: information🇺🇿UZ: faktlar🇷🇺RU: факты and share knowledge with others. For example, ancient kingsking (noun)Male rulers of a country, usually inheriting the position.≈ Synonym: monarchs🇺🇿UZ: shohlar, podshohlar🇷🇺RU: короли used writing to give ordersorder (noun)Official instructions to do something.≈ Synonym: commands🇺🇿UZ: buyruqlar🇷🇺RU: приказы, and traderstrader (noun)People who buy and sell goods.≈ Synonym: merchants🇺🇿UZ: savdogarlar🇷🇺RU: торговцы used it to list goodsgoods (noun)Things that are made or grown to be sold.≈ Synonym: products🇺🇿UZ: tovarlar🇷🇺RU: товары they wanted to buy or sell. Later, people began to write down poemspoem (noun)Pieces of writing that express feelings or ideas, often with rhythm.≈ Synonym: verses🇺🇿UZ: she'rlar🇷🇺RU: стихи, songs, and historieshistory (noun)Written accounts of past events.≈ Synonym: chronicles🇺🇿UZ: tarixiy hikoyalar🇷🇺RU: исторические повествования.
Over time, writing systems became easier to use. The alphabetalphabet (noun)A set of letters used to write the sounds of a language.≈ Synonym: letter system🇺🇿UZ: alifbo🇷🇺RU: алфавит was one of the biggest changes. It used simple lettersletter (noun)Written symbols that represent the sounds of a language.≈ Synonym: characters🇺🇿UZ: harflar🇷🇺RU: буквы to show sounds, and people could learn it more easily than systems with hundreds of symbolssymbol (noun)Signs or marks that represent something else.≈ Synonym: signs🇺🇿UZ: belgilar, ramzlar🇷🇺RU: символы. Today, we use alphabets and other writing systems all over the world.
Writing has changed human life forever. It allows us to share ideas across time and distancedistance (noun)The amount of space between two points in place or time.≈ Synonym: span🇺🇿UZ: masofa🇷🇺RU: расстояние. From ancient clay tablets to modernmodern (adj)Belonging to the present time; new and up to date.≈ Synonym: contemporary🇺🇿UZ: zamonaviy🇷🇺RU: современный emails, writing continues to connectconnect (verb)To join or link people or things together.≈ Synonym: link🇺🇿UZ: bog'lamoq🇷🇺RU: связывать people everywhere.