Daily Reading Practice · Nonfiction passage
Any word, any time — right from this page.
Today, trial by jury is seen as an important part of a fairfair (adj)Treating people equally and justly.≈ Synonym: just🇺🇿UZ: adolatli🇷🇺RU: справедливый legal systemlegal system (noun)The set of laws and courts in a country.≈ Synonym: justice system🇺🇿UZ: huquqiy tizim🇷🇺RU: правовая система in many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and others. But where did this idea come from, and how did it become part of modernmodern (adj)Relating to the present time.≈ Synonym: contemporary🇺🇿UZ: zamonaviy🇷🇺RU: современный law?
The idea of using ordinaryordinary (adj)Not special or different; normal.≈ Synonym: regular🇺🇿UZ: oddiy🇷🇺RU: обычный people to help decide legal cases can be traced backtrace back (phrasal verb)Followed the origin of something to an earlier time.≈ Synonym: dated back🇺🇿UZ: kelib chiqishi izlangan🇷🇺RU: прослеживается to ancientancient (adj)Belonging to a period long ago in history.≈ Synonym: age-old🇺🇿UZ: qadimiy🇷🇺RU: древний times. In ancient Greece, large groups of citizenscitizen (noun)Legally recognised members of a country or state.≈ Synonym: nationals🇺🇿UZ: fuqarolar🇷🇺RU: граждане were chosen to judgejudge (verb)To form an opinion about a legal case.≈ Synonym: assess🇺🇿UZ: hukm chiqarmoq🇷🇺RU: судить trials. However, the system that influencedinfluence (verb)Had an effect on the development of something.≈ Synonym: affected🇺🇿UZ: ta'sir qilgan🇷🇺RU: повлияла today's juries started in medievalmedieval (adj)Relating to the Middle Ages, roughly 5th-15th century.≈ Synonym: of the Middle Ages🇺🇿UZ: o'rta asr🇷🇺RU: средневековый England.
In 1215, a group of English noblesnoble (noun)People of high social rank.≈ Synonym: aristocrats🇺🇿UZ: zodagonlar🇷🇺RU: знать forced King John to agree to the Magna CartaMagna Carta (noun)A 1215 English document limiting royal power and granting rights.≈ Synonym: Great Charter🇺🇿UZ: Magna Karta🇷🇺RU: Великая хартия вольностей, a famous documentdocument (noun)A piece of written, official material.≈ Synonym: record🇺🇿UZ: hujjat🇷🇺RU: документ that promised certain rightsright (noun)Legal or moral entitlements.≈ Synonym: entitlements🇺🇿UZ: huquqlar🇷🇺RU: права and protectionsprotection (noun)Measures taken to keep someone safe.≈ Synonym: safeguards🇺🇿UZ: himoyalar🇷🇺RU: защита for the people. One of these promises was that no person could be punishedpunish (verb)Made to suffer as a result of wrongdoing.≈ Synonym: penalised🇺🇿UZ: jazolangan🇷🇺RU: наказан without "the lawful judgmentjudgment (noun)A formal decision made by a court.≈ Synonym: ruling🇺🇿UZ: hukm🇷🇺RU: решение суда of his peerspeer (noun)People of equal status to oneself.≈ Synonym: equals🇺🇿UZ: tengdoshlar🇷🇺RU: равные (по статусу)." This idea planted the seedseed (noun)The beginning or origin of an idea.≈ Synonym: origin🇺🇿UZ: urug' (boshlanish)🇷🇺RU: зерно (начало) for trial by jury, meaning that people would be judged by a group of fellow citizens rather than by the king or his officialsofficial (noun)People holding positions of authority.≈ Synonym: authorities🇺🇿UZ: amaldorlar🇷🇺RU: чиновники alone.
At first, juries were made up of local people who often knew the person on trial and the factsfact (noun)Things known to be true.≈ Synonym: truths🇺🇿UZ: faktlar🇷🇺RU: факты of the case. They acted partly as witnesseswitness (noun)People who see an event and can describe it.≈ Synonym: observers🇺🇿UZ: guvohlar🇷🇺RU: свидетели, helping the court understand what had happened. Over time, the role of the jury changed. Instead of giving information, jurorsjuror (noun)Members of a jury.≈ Synonym: jury members🇺🇿UZ: hakamlar🇷🇺RU: присяжные became responsibleresponsible (adj)Having a duty to deal with something.≈ Synonym: accountable🇺🇿UZ: mas'ul🇷🇺RU: ответственный for deciding whether the person was guiltyguilty (adj)Having committed a crime or wrongdoing.≈ Synonym: culpable🇺🇿UZ: aybdor🇷🇺RU: виновный or innocentinnocent (adj)Not guilty of a crime.≈ Synonym: not guilty🇺🇿UZ: aybsiz🇷🇺RU: невиновный based on the evidenceevidence (noun)Facts or information indicating whether something is true.≈ Synonym: proof🇺🇿UZ: dalil🇷🇺RU: доказательства presented in court.
The use of juries spread to other parts of the world through British influenceinfluence (noun)The power to affect how something develops.≈ Synonym: effect🇺🇿UZ: ta'sir🇷🇺RU: влияние. In the United States, trial by jury became a key part of the Constitutionconstitution (noun)The set of fundamental laws of a country.≈ Synonym: founding law🇺🇿UZ: konstitutsiya🇷🇺RU: конституция, seen as a protection against unfairunfair (adj)Not right or just.≈ Synonym: unjust🇺🇿UZ: adolatsiz🇷🇺RU: несправедливый government powerpower (noun)The ability to control or influence others.≈ Synonym: authority🇺🇿UZ: hokimiyat🇷🇺RU: власть. In modern systems, jurors are usually chosen at randomrandom (adj)Chosen without a particular pattern or method.≈ Synonym: arbitrary🇺🇿UZ: tasodifiy🇷🇺RU: случайный and must promise to listen carefully and make a fair decisiondecision (noun)A conclusion reached after consideration.≈ Synonym: ruling🇺🇿UZ: qaror🇷🇺RU: решение.
Trial by jury has many supporterssupporter (noun)People who favour or back something.≈ Synonym: advocates🇺🇿UZ: tarafdorlar🇷🇺RU: сторонники. People argue that it helps keep the legal system fair, as decisions are made by a group of citizens rather than just one judgejudge (noun)A public official who decides cases in a court.≈ Synonym: magistrate🇺🇿UZ: sudya🇷🇺RU: судья. It also allows ordinary people to take part in the justice systemjustice system (noun)The system of courts and law in a society.≈ Synonym: legal system🇺🇿UZ: sud tizimi🇷🇺RU: судебная система. However, some criticscritic (noun)People who express disapproval of something.≈ Synonym: opponents🇺🇿UZ: tanqidchilar🇷🇺RU: критики say that juries can make mistakes or be influencedinfluenced by (adj)Affected or shaped by something.≈ Synonym: swayed by🇺🇿UZ: ta'sirida🇷🇺RU: под влиянием by emotionsemotion (noun)Strong feelings such as anger or joy.≈ Synonym: feelings🇺🇿UZ: hissiyotlar🇷🇺RU: эмоции rather than facts.
In conclusion, trial by jury has a long and interesting history. While it is not perfectperfect (adj)Without any flaws.≈ Synonym: flawless🇺🇿UZ: mukammal🇷🇺RU: идеальный, it remains a symbolsymbol (noun)A thing that represents an idea or quality.≈ Synonym: emblem🇺🇿UZ: ramz🇷🇺RU: символ of fairnessfairness (noun)The quality of treating people equally.≈ Synonym: justice🇺🇿UZ: adolatlilik🇷🇺RU: справедливость and public involvementinvolvement (noun)The fact of taking part in something.≈ Synonym: participation🇺🇿UZ: ishtirok🇷🇺RU: участие in the law.