Daily Reading Practice · Nonfiction passage
Any word, any time — right from this page.
Today, trial by jury is seen as an important part of a fairfair (adj)Treating people equally and justly.≈ Synonym: just🇺🇿UZ: adolatli🇷🇺RU: справедливый legal systemlegal system (noun)The set of laws and courts in a country.≈ Synonym: justice system🇺🇿UZ: huquqiy tizim🇷🇺RU: правовая система in many countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and others. But where did this idea come from, and how did it become part of modern law?
The idea of using ordinaryordinary (adj)Not special or different; normal.≈ Synonym: regular🇺🇿UZ: oddiy🇷🇺RU: обычный people to help decide legal cases can be traced backtrace back (to) (phrasal verb)Followed the origin of something to an earlier time.≈ Synonym: dated back🇺🇿UZ: kelib chiqishini aniqlamoq🇷🇺RU: прослеживать (до) to ancientancient (adj)Belonging to a period long ago in history.≈ Synonym: age-old🇺🇿UZ: qadimiy🇷🇺RU: древний times. In ancient Greece, large groups of citizenscitizen (noun)Legally recognised members of a country or state.≈ Synonym: nationals🇺🇿UZ: fuqaro🇷🇺RU: гражданин were chosen to judgejudge (verb)To form an opinion about a legal case.≈ Synonym: assess🇺🇿UZ: hukm chiqarmoq, baholamoq🇷🇺RU: судить, оценивать trials. However, the system that influencedinfluence (verb)Had an effect on the development of something.≈ Synonym: affected🇺🇿UZ: ta'sir ko'rsatmoq🇷🇺RU: влиять today's juries started in medievalmedieval (adj)Relating to the Middle Ages, roughly 5th-15th century.≈ Synonym: of the Middle Ages🇺🇿UZ: o'rta asrlarga oid🇷🇺RU: средневековый England.
In 1215, a group of English noblesnoble (noun)People of high social rank.≈ Synonym: aristocrats🇺🇿UZ: zodagon🇷🇺RU: дворянин, знатный человек forced King John to agree to the Magna CartaMagna Carta (noun)A 1215 English document limiting royal power and granting rights.≈ Synonym: Great Charter🇺🇿UZ: Magna Karta (1215-yilgi Angliya hujjati)🇷🇺RU: Великая хартия вольностей, a famous documentdocument (noun)A piece of written, official material.≈ Synonym: record🇺🇿UZ: hujjat🇷🇺RU: документ that promised certain rightsright (noun)Legal or moral entitlements.≈ Synonym: entitlements🇺🇿UZ: huquq🇷🇺RU: право and protectionsprotection (noun)Measures taken to keep someone safe.≈ Synonym: safeguards🇺🇿UZ: himoya🇷🇺RU: защита for the people. One of these promises was that no person could be punishedpunish (verb)Made to suffer as a result of wrongdoing.≈ Synonym: penalised🇺🇿UZ: jazolamoq🇷🇺RU: наказывать without "the lawful judgmentjudgment (noun)A formal decision made by a court.≈ Synonym: ruling🇺🇿UZ: hukm, qaror🇷🇺RU: решение суда, приговор of his peerspeer (noun)People of equal status to oneself.≈ Synonym: equals🇺🇿UZ: tengdosh, teng mavqedagi odam🇷🇺RU: равный, сверстник." This idea planted the seedseed (noun)The beginning or origin of an idea.≈ Synonym: origin🇺🇿UZ: urug'; boshlanish (ko'chma)🇷🇺RU: семя; зародыш (идеи) for trial by jury, meaning that people would be judged by a group of fellow citizens rather than by the king or his officialsofficial (noun)People holding positions of authority.≈ Synonym: authorities🇺🇿UZ: amaldor, mansabdor🇷🇺RU: чиновник, должностное лицо alone.
At first, juries were made up of local people who often knew the person on trial and the factsfact (noun)Things known to be true.≈ Synonym: truths🇺🇿UZ: fakt, dalil🇷🇺RU: факт of the case. They acted partly as witnesseswitness (noun)People who see an event and can describe it.≈ Synonym: observers🇺🇿UZ: guvoh🇷🇺RU: свидетель, helping the court understand what had happened. Over time, the role of the jury changed. Instead of giving information, jurorsjuror (noun)Members of a jury.≈ Synonym: jury members🇺🇿UZ: qasamyod etgan maslahatchi (sudda)🇷🇺RU: присяжный became responsibleresponsible (for) (adj)Having a duty to deal with something.≈ Synonym: accountable🇺🇿UZ: (...ga) mas'ul🇷🇺RU: ответственный (за) for deciding whether the person was guiltyguilty (adj)Having committed a crime or wrongdoing.≈ Synonym: culpable🇺🇿UZ: aybdor🇷🇺RU: виновный or innocentinnocent (adj)Not guilty of a crime.≈ Synonym: not guilty🇺🇿UZ: aybsiz🇷🇺RU: невиновный based on the evidenceevidence (noun)Facts or information indicating whether something is true.≈ Synonym: proof🇺🇿UZ: dalil🇷🇺RU: доказательства presented in court.
The use of juries spread to other parts of the world through British influenceinfluence (noun)The power to affect how something develops.≈ Synonym: effect🇺🇿UZ: ta'sir🇷🇺RU: влияние. In the United States, trial by jury became a key part of the Constitutionconstitution (noun)The set of fundamental laws of a country.≈ Synonym: founding law🇺🇿UZ: konstitutsiya🇷🇺RU: конституция, seen as a protection against unfairunfair (adj)Not right or just.≈ Synonym: unjust🇺🇿UZ: adolatsiz🇷🇺RU: несправедливый government powerpower (noun)The ability to control or influence others.≈ Synonym: authority🇺🇿UZ: hokimiyat, kuch🇷🇺RU: власть. In modern systems, jurors are usually chosen at randomrandom (adj)Chosen without a particular pattern or method.≈ Synonym: arbitrary🇺🇿UZ: tasodifiy🇷🇺RU: случайный and must promise to listen carefully and make a fair decisiondecision (noun)A conclusion reached after consideration.≈ Synonym: ruling🇺🇿UZ: qaror🇷🇺RU: решение.
Trial by jury has many supporterssupporter (noun)People who favour or back something.≈ Synonym: advocates🇺🇿UZ: tarafdor, muxlis🇷🇺RU: сторонник, болельщик. People argue that it helps keep the legal system fair, as decisions are made by a group of citizens rather than just one judge. It also allows ordinary people to take part in the justice systemjustice system (noun)The system of courts and law in a society.≈ Synonym: legal system🇺🇿UZ: sud tizimi🇷🇺RU: судебная система. However, some criticscritic (noun)People who express disapproval of something.≈ Synonym: opponents🇺🇿UZ: tanqidchi🇷🇺RU: критик say that juries can make mistakes or be influenced by emotionsemotion (noun)Strong feelings such as anger or joy.≈ Synonym: feelings🇺🇿UZ: his-hayajon, tuyg'u🇷🇺RU: эмоция rather than facts.
In conclusion, trial by jury has a long and interesting history. While it is not perfectperfect (adj)Without any flaws.≈ Synonym: flawless🇺🇿UZ: mukammal🇷🇺RU: идеальный, it remains a symbolsymbol (noun)A thing that represents an idea or quality.≈ Synonym: emblem🇺🇿UZ: ramz🇷🇺RU: символ of fairnessfairness (noun)The quality of treating people equally.≈ Synonym: justice🇺🇿UZ: adolatlilik🇷🇺RU: справедливость and public involvementinvolvement (noun)The fact of taking part in something.≈ Synonym: participation🇺🇿UZ: ishtirok, jalb etilganlik🇷🇺RU: участие, вовлечённость in the law.
In your own words, write a short summary of what you just read (90–120+ words). Don't copy sentences — explain the main ideas.
Every highlighted word from this story with its meaning in Uzbek 🇺🇿 and Russian 🇷🇺, and an example. Tap 🇬🇧 or 🇺🇸 to hear the word or the sentence in a British or American accent.
| # | 🇬🇧 | 🇺🇿 | 🇷🇺 | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | fairadjective | adolatli | справедливый | It isn't fair that he gets more money for the same work. |
| 2 | legal systemnoun | huquqiy tizim | правовая система | Every country has its own legal system. |
| 3 | ordinaryadjective | oddiy | обычный | It was just an ordinary day until the phone rang. |
| 4 | trace back (to)phrasal verb | kelib chiqishini aniqlamoq | прослеживать (до) | The tradition can be traced back to the 10th century. |
| 5 | ancientadjective | qadimiy | древний | Termez is an ancient city on the Amu Darya. |
| 6 | citizennoun | fuqaro | гражданин | Every citizen has the right to vote. |
| 7 | judgeverb | hukm chiqarmoq, baholamoq | судить, оценивать | Don't judge people by their clothes. |
| 8 | influenceverb | ta'sir ko'rsatmoq | влиять | My teacher influenced my choice of career. |
| 9 | medievaladjective | o'rta asrlarga oid | средневековый | The town still has its medieval walls. |
| 10 | noblenoun | zodagon | дворянин, знатный человек | In the past, only nobles could own land. |
| 11 | Magna Cartanoun | Magna Karta (1215-yilgi Angliya hujjati) | Великая хартия вольностей | The Magna Carta limited the power of the English king. |
| 12 | documentnoun | hujjat | документ | Please sign this document. |
| 13 | rightnoun | huquq | право | Children have the right to education. |
| 14 | protectionnoun | himoya | защита | The law gives workers protection against unfair treatment. |
| 15 | punishverb | jazolamoq | наказывать | He was punished for lying. |
| 16 | judgmentnoun | hukm, qaror | решение суда, приговор | The court will give its judgment tomorrow. |
| 17 | peernoun | tengdosh, teng mavqedagi odam | равный, сверстник | Teenagers care a lot about what their peers think. |
| 18 | seednoun | urug'; boshlanish (ko'chma) | семя; зародыш (идеи) | That conversation planted the seed of a new idea. |
| 19 | officialnoun | amaldor, mansabdor | чиновник, должностное лицо | Government officials visited the new hospital. |
| 20 | factnoun | fakt, dalil | факт | Check the facts before you write the article. |
| 21 | witnessnoun | guvoh | свидетель | The police are looking for witnesses to the accident. |
| 22 | jurornoun | qasamyod etgan maslahatchi (sudda) | присяжный | Each juror must listen carefully to the evidence. |
| 23 | responsible (for)adjective | (...ga) mas'ul | ответственный (за) | Who is responsible for this mess? |
| 24 | guiltyadjective | aybdor | виновный | The court found him guilty of stealing. |
| 25 | innocentadjective | aybsiz | невиновный | She says she's innocent. |
| 26 | evidencenoun | dalil | доказательства | There is no evidence that he took the money. |
| 27 | influencenoun | ta'sir | влияние | Parents have a strong influence on their children. |
| 28 | constitutionnoun | konstitutsiya | конституция | Freedom of speech is protected by the constitution. |
| 29 | unfairadjective | adolatsiz | несправедливый | The referee's decision was unfair. |
| 30 | powernoun | hokimiyat, kuch | власть | The president has a lot of power. |
| 31 | randomadjective | tasodifiy | случайный | The winners were chosen at random. |
| 32 | decisionnoun | qaror | решение | It's your decision — I'll support you. |
| 33 | supporternoun | tarafdor, muxlis | сторонник, болельщик | Thousands of supporters came to the stadium. |
| 34 | justice systemnoun | sud tizimi | судебная система | The justice system should treat rich and poor people equally. |
| 35 | criticnoun | tanqidchi | критик | Critics loved the new film. |
| 36 | emotionnoun | his-hayajon, tuyg'u | эмоция | It's hard to control your emotions when you're tired. |
| 37 | perfectadjective | mukammal | идеальный | Your English is almost perfect. |
| 38 | symbolnoun | ramz | символ | The stork is a symbol of good luck in many cultures. |
| 39 | fairnessnoun | adolatlilik | справедливость | Teachers must treat students with fairness. |
| 40 | involvementnoun | ishtirok, jalb etilganlik | участие, вовлечённость | Parents' involvement in school life helps children do better. |